ABSTRACT
Andrographis paniculata, the king of bitters belongs to family Acanthaceae. The anatomical studies was carried out to assess epidermal features of Andrographis paniculata.The anatomical studies of Andrographis paniculata are described. The mature stomata isparacytic. Abnormalities notice were vertical and parallel contiguous stomata, stomata with one guard cell and unopen stomata pore. Leaves are hypostomatic. Sclerids were distributed on both surfaces. Other systematically useful characters are stomata length and width, epidermal length and width can be used for distinguishing the species.
TABLE OF CONTENT
CONTENTS PAGE
Title Page – – – – – – – – i
Certification – – – – – – – ii
Dedication – – – – – – – – iii
Acknowledgements – – – – – – iv
Abstract – – – – – – – v
Table of Contents – – – – – – – vi
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION – – – 1
1.1 Background of the Study – – – – – 1
1.2 Aim and Objectives of the Study – – – – 3
1.2.1 Aim of the Study – – – – – – 3
1.2.2 Objectives of the Study – – – – – 4
1.3 Scope and Limitation of the Study – – – 4
1.4 Definition of Terms – – – – – 4
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW – – 5
2.1 Botaincal Classification of Andrographispaniculata 6
2.2 Description of Andrographispaniculata – – 6
2.3 Distribution of Andrographispaniculata – – 6
2.4 Ethnobotanical Uses ofAndrographispaniculata – 7
2.5 Phytochemical Composition of Andrographis
paniculata– – – – – – – 8
2.6 Pharmacological Activity of Andrographis
Paniculata – – – – – – – 11
2.6.1 Effect on common cold – – – – – 12
2.6.2 Antiparasitic Effect – – – – – – 13
2.6.3 Anticancer Effect – – – – – – 14
2.6.4 Sexual Functions and Contraceptive Effect – – 17
2.7 Toxicity of Andrographispaniculata – – – 19
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS – 26
3.1 Materials – – – – – – – 26
3.1.1 Sample Collection – – – – – – 27
3.2 Methods – – – – – – – 27
3.2.1 Anatomical Studies of Andrographispaniculata – 27
3.2.2 Statistical Analysis – – – – – – 29
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION – 30
4.1 Results – – – – – – – – 30
4.2 Discussion – – – – – – – 34
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS – – – – – 35
5.1 Conclusion – – – – – – – 35
5.2 Recommendations – – – – – – 35
References
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Andrographis paniculata Neesis very well known as “King of Bitters” is one of 28 species. It belongs to the Acanthaceae family. This plant is a traditional medicinal plant used in the treatment of colds, fever, laryngitis, as well as gastrointestinal infections such as dysentery and diarrhea, in some countries such as China, India to Southeast Asia. In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), this plant determined as an herb that has a significant value in “cold property” i.e. for the treatment of fever and eliminate toxins from the body (Mishra et al., 2007), and is also used in paste form for the treatment of Periodontitis supplement cattle feed in large scale (Maisonet al., 2005). This plant is known worldwide as the creat or “king of bitters” (Mishra et al., 2007), while in Indonesia known by several names such as Papaitan, bile land, bidara, Sadilata and the most popular is Sambiloto. Active compounds contained in A. paniculata, is actually of secondary metabolites, including economic stakes are diterpene classes, such as andrographolide, neoandrographical and dehydro – andrographolide (Mishraet al., 2007).
Several research reports indicate that A. paniculata have morphological variations, levels of chemical compounds contained, as well as proving the existence of diversity because of differences in growth and the environment. Mishra et al. (2007), conducting research in the area of forest management Surakaita Central Java, getting that content andrographolide of A. paniculata, which grows in the middle plains of 2.27% in the lowlands and height respectively of 1.37 and 0.89%. Meanwhile, in another study conducted by Desilvaet al. (2015) proves that the stomata density of Greenleaf Manzanita (Arctostaphlospatula) were higher in the leaves that were collected from the Plateau (30.03 stomata.mm2) compared to lower plants (19.3stomata.mm2).
