ANTI-PLASMODIAL PROPERTY OF MORINGA OLEIFERA SEED EXTRACT ON SWISS MICE

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents                                                                                                                     pages

Title page                                                                                                             i          

Certification                                                                                                      ii         

Dedication                                                                                                     iii        

Acknowledgements                                                                                       iv        

Table of Contents                                                                                            v         

Abstract                                                                                                                      vi

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction                                                                                                          1

1.1 Background Study                                                                                                   1

1.2 Statement of the problem                                                                                     2

1.3 Justification                                                                                                           3

1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study                                                                               4

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature review                                                                                                   6

2.1 Definition and history of Malaria                                                                 6

2.1.2 Etiologic and vectors of malaria                                                               7

2.1.3 Epidermiology of malaria                                                                                  8

2.1.4 Life cycle of malaria parasite                                                                   10-13

2.1.5 Molecular cell biology and pathogenesis                                                    13

2.1.6Diagnosis of malaria                                                                                           14

2.1.7 Management of malaria                                                                           18

2.1.7.1 Conventional therapeutic agents                                                            18

2.1.7.2 Drug in pipeline                                                                                              19

2.2 Traditional medicine                                                                                21

2.2.1 Control measures                                                                                               22

2.3 Malaria vaccine                                                                                                     24

2.4 The experimental plant                                                                              25       

2.4.1 Moringa Oleifera                                                                                      26       

2.4.2 Social Economic importance of morning oleifera                                29

2.4.3 Ecology and Cultivation                                                                       29       

CHAPTER THREE                                                               

3.0 Collection of plant                                                                                          42       

3 .1 Control drugs                                                                                            42       

3.2 Experimental animal                                                                                   43       

3.3 Materials and reagent                                                                             43       

3.4 Extraction from the plant seed                                                              43       

3.5 Gas chromatography mass spectrometry                                               44       

3.6. Experimental Design                                                                               50       

3.7 Collection and inoculation of the parasite                                                 50

3.8 Statistical Analysis                                                                                                52

3.9 Presentation and statistical analysis of Data                                   52

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Result                                                                                                       53      

4.1 Parasite density at different concentration of the extract of Maringa oliefera seed 55

4.2 Percentage difference in parasitaemia inhibition at different concentration among   seed                                                                  58

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Discussion                                                                                                             60

5.1 Conclusion                                                                                                   61     

5.2 Recommendation                                                                                                  62

ABSTRACT

Malaria is an increasing worldwide threat, with more than three hundred million infections and one million deaths every year. Due to the emergence of antimalarial drug resistance, the continuous search for antimalarial agents. This study was conducted to determine the antimalarial efficacy of Moringa oleifera Seed extract in Swiss albino mice infected with Plasmodium berghei .After extraction, phytochemical screening and gas chromatographic mass spectrometry (GC-MS) screening of the extract, the mice were grouped into six groups, five per group. Designated  as 40% treated with 40mg/kg of the Maringa oliefera seed extract, 60% treated with 60mg/kg, 80% treated with 80mg/kg,100% treated with 100mg/kg and positive control treated with distilled water while negative control was given choloroquone.  For the period of 3 days at 12 hours interval.  Parasite density was determine by preparing of thick and thin blood film, stain with Giemsa stain and view under microscope to determine the antiplamodial activity of the extract

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

 Since the beginning of human civilization, medicinal plants have been used by mankind for its therapeutic value. Nature has been a source of medicinal agents for thousands of years and an impressive number of modern drugs have been isolated from natural sources. Many of these isolations were based on the uses of the agents in traditional medicine. The plant-based, traditional medicine systems continues to play an essential role in health care, with about 80% of the world’s inhabitants relying mainly on traditional medicines for their primary health care (Owolabi et al., 2007). Medicinal plants are plants containing inherent active ingredients used to cure disease or relieve pain (Okigbo et al., 2008). The medicinal properties of plants could be based on the antioxidant, antimicrobial antipyretic effects of the phytochemicals in them (Cowman, 1999; Adesokan et al., 2008). The ancient texts like Rig Veda (4500-1600 BC) and Atharva Veda mention the use of several plants as medicine. The books on ayurvedic medicine such as Charaka Samhita and Susruta Samhita refer to the use of more than 700 herbs (Jain, 1968). According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 1977) “a medicinal plant” is any plant, which in one or more of its organ contains substances that can be used for the therapeutic purposes (Okigbo, 2009). The term “herbal drug” determines the part/parts of a plant (leaves, flowers, seed, roots, barks, stems, etc.) used for preparing medicines.

ANTI-PLASMODIAL PROPERTY OF MORINGA OLEIFERA SEED EXTRACT ON SWISS MICE