TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents pages
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Table of Contents v
Abstract vi
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Background Study 1
1.2 Statement of the problem 2
1.3 Justification 3
1.4 Aim and Objectives of Study 4
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review 6
2.1 Definition and history of Malaria 6
2.1.2 Etiologic and vectors of malaria 7
2.1.3 Epidermiology of malaria 8
2.1.4 Life cycle of malaria parasite 10-13
2.1.5 Molecular cell biology and pathogenesis 13
2.1.6Diagnosis of malaria 14
2.1.7 Management of malaria 18
2.1.7.1 Conventional therapeutic agents 18
2.1.7.2 Drug in pipeline 19
2.2 Traditional medicine 21
2.2.1 Control measures 22
2.3 Malaria vaccine 24
2.4 The experimental plant 25
2.4.1 Moringa Oleifera 26
2.4.2 Social Economic importance of morning oleifera 29
2.4.3 Ecology and Cultivation 29
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Collection of plant 42
3 .1 Control drugs 42
3.2 Experimental animal 43
3.3 Materials and reagent 43
3.4 Extraction from the plant seed 43
3.5 Gas chromatography mass spectrometry 44
3.6. Experimental Design 50
3.7 Collection and inoculation of the parasite 50
3.8 Statistical Analysis 52
3.9 Presentation and statistical analysis of Data 52
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Result 53
4.1 Parasite density at different concentration of the extract of Maringa oliefera seed 55
4.2 Percentage difference in parasitaemia inhibition at different concentration among seed 58
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion 60
5.1 Conclusion 61
5.2 Recommendation 62
ABSTRACT
Malaria is an increasing worldwide threat, with more than three hundred million infections and one million deaths every year. Due to the emergence of antimalarial drug resistance, the continuous search for antimalarial agents. This study was conducted to determine the antimalarial efficacy of Moringa oleifera Seed extract in Swiss albino mice infected with Plasmodium berghei .After extraction, phytochemical screening and gas chromatographic mass spectrometry (GC-MS) screening of the extract, the mice were grouped into six groups, five per group. Designated as 40% treated with 40mg/kg of the Maringa oliefera seed extract, 60% treated with 60mg/kg, 80% treated with 80mg/kg,100% treated with 100mg/kg and positive control treated with distilled water while negative control was given choloroquone. For the period of 3 days at 12 hours interval. Parasite density was determine by preparing of thick and thin blood film, stain with Giemsa stain and view under microscope to determine the antiplamodial activity of the extract
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Since the beginning of human civilization, medicinal plants have been used by mankind for its therapeutic value. Nature has been a source of medicinal agents for thousands of years and an impressive number of modern drugs have been isolated from natural sources. Many of these isolations were based on the uses of the agents in traditional medicine. The plant-based, traditional medicine systems continues to play an essential role in health care, with about 80% of the world’s inhabitants relying mainly on traditional medicines for their primary health care (Owolabi et al., 2007). Medicinal plants are plants containing inherent active ingredients used to cure disease or relieve pain (Okigbo et al., 2008). The medicinal properties of plants could be based on the antioxidant, antimicrobial antipyretic effects of the phytochemicals in them (Cowman, 1999; Adesokan et al., 2008). The ancient texts like Rig Veda (4500-1600 BC) and Atharva Veda mention the use of several plants as medicine. The books on ayurvedic medicine such as Charaka Samhita and Susruta Samhita refer to the use of more than 700 herbs (Jain, 1968). According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 1977) “a medicinal plant” is any plant, which in one or more of its organ contains substances that can be used for the therapeutic purposes (Okigbo, 2009). The term “herbal drug” determines the part/parts of a plant (leaves, flowers, seed, roots, barks, stems, etc.) used for preparing medicines.