PREVALENCE AND ANTIBIOTIIC SUSCEPTIBILTY PATTERN OF METHICILLIN – RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUSAMONG THE INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS IN MAIDUGURI, NIGERIA.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0Â Â Â INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the species of the genus Staphylococcus. It is a gram positive, non-motile, catalase positive, coagulase positive, facultative anaerobe, involved in causing a number of diseases including boils, pustules, impetigo, osteomyelitis, mastitis, septicaemia, meningitis, pneumonia and toxic shock syndrome. For humans, this organism is an important cause of food borne intoxication, pneumonia, post-operative wound infections, and nosocomial bacteremia (Umaru et al., 2011). Staphylococcus aureus is considered the most resistant of all non-spore forming pathogens, with well-developed capacities to withstand high salt concentrations (7.5 – 10%), extremes in pH and high temperatures (up to 60OC for 60minutes), it also remains viable after months of air–drying and resists the effects of many disinfectants and has overcome most of the therapeutic agents that have been developed in recent years and hence, antimicrobial chemotherapy for this species has always been empirical (Jun et al., 2004). Its mechanism of resistance to beta lactam and the fluoroquinolones has been documented (Kloos, 1998).
Staphylococcus aureus colonises the skin and nasal carriage occurs in about 25-30% of healthy people (Chambers, 2009). It is a versatile human pathogen responsible for nosocomial (Hospital acquired) and community acquired (CA) infection, with clinical manifestation of superficial and systemic diseases, associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. The unique characteristic of S.aureus is the production of virulence factors responsible for the establishment of staphylococcal diseases and propensity to develop resistance to multiple antibiotics ( Tenoveret al., 2000; Chambers, 2009).It has also been reported that S. aureus strains have a wide variety of multi-drug resistant genes on plasmids, which can be exchanged and spread among different species of staphylococcus and can be transferred to new bacterial hosts by any of transduction, conjugation or transformation (Lujanet al., 2007).
Staphylococcus aureus is known to be notorious in their acquisition of resistance to new drugs and continues to defy control measures (Talaro and Talaro, 2002). Many strains of S. aureus carry a wide variety of multi-drug resistance genes on plasmids. Staphylococcus aureus are frequently resistant to penicillinase-reistant penicillin‘s. An organism exhibiting this type of resistance is referred to as methicillin (oxacillin)-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Such organisms are also frequently resistant to most of the commonly used antimicrobial agents, including the amino-glycosides, macrolides, chloramphenicol, tetracycline and fluoroquinolones (Tenover and Gaynes, 2002; Ikeagwu et al., 2008;Umaru et al.,2011).
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PREVALENCE AND ANTIBIOTIIC SUSCEPTIBILTY PATTERN OF METHICILLIN – RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUSAMONG THE INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS IN MAIDUGURI, NIGERIA.
