CHAPTER TWO
2.0. LTERATURE REVIEW
This section reviews the works of authors in the area of availability of instructional materials; the section shall be treated under the following sub headings: Concept of learning among secondary school students Factors that Affect Learning of Business Studies Overview of Learning Theories Relevance of Audio Visual Aids in teaching of Busisness Studies Instructional Aids and Teaching of Business Studies in secondary schools Summary of the Literature
2.1 Concept of Learning
among Secondary School Students Many psychologists have attempted to classify learning. This is because it is generally believed that the type of learning expected determines the method of teaching to adopt. The most popular classification of the domains of learning is that given by Bloom and his associates n 1956.They are the psychomotor domain which refers to development of manipulative or motor skills which require efficient co-ordination between our brains and muscles; the cognitive domain which refers to intellectual skills and abilities. It is achieved by mental processes such as reasoning remembering and recall; the affective domain which refers to changes in interest, attitudes and value which influence our personalities. In practice, there is to some extent an overlapping from one domain to the other. All forms of learning are in these three domains. It is your responsibility to select appropriate techniques that would facilitate learning. Students have many responsibilities with regard to their learning, students who make the effort required to succeed n school and who are able to apply themselves will soon discover that there is a direct relationship between this effort and their achievement , and will therefore be more motivated to work.
There will be some students however, who will find it more difficult to take responsibility for their learning because of special challenges they face. For these students, the attention, patience, and encouragement of teachers can be extremely important factors for success. Taking responsibility for their own progress and learning is an important part of education for all students, regardless of their circumstances. Mastery of all concepts and skills in business studies require a sincere commitment to work, study and the development of appropriate skills. Teachers are responsible for developing appropriate instructional strategies to help students to achieve the curriculum expectations, as well as appropriate methods for assessing and evaluating student learning [Daniels 2008]. Teachers also support students in developing the reading, writing, oral communicate and numeracy skills needed for success in their courses. Teachers bring enthusiasm and various teaching and approaches to the classroom, addressing dierent student needs and ensuring sound learning opportunities for every student. Using a variety of instructional, assessment and evaluation strategies teachers provide numerous opportunities for students to develop skills of inquiry and communication to acquire marketable business skills while learning fundamentals concepts. Business education curriculum planners in Nigeria except n junior secondary school students who go through the three years junior secondary school business studies programme to acquire ’‘practical business and entrepreneurial skills and attitudes to prepare them for self-employment’’[Federal Republic of Nigeria, 2008]. To equip learners with these skills, they recommend hat teachers employ learner centered teaching methods such as project work, educational visits, and use of business resource persons, business simulations, group discussions case studies and school based mini enterprises run and operated by students. The findings of this study suggest that teachers and curriculum planners are not singing from the same hymn book, thus the pedagogical practices of business studies teachers are at variance with the expectations of the curriculum planners.
Teachers-centered pedagogy is the dominant of instruction while entrepreneurial pedagogies are used sparingly. Teachers seem to be more concerned with completing the business studies syllabus in time for examinations at the expense of imparting business skills and literacy through the use of constructivist pedagogies as prescribed in the syllabus. The findings of this study suggest that the practices of business studies teachers do not confirm to the expectations of curriculum planners in that teacher-centered and not learner-centered pedagogy appears to be the dominant mode of instruction in schools. If business education curriculum planners want their prescriptions translated successfully into practice, they must factor in support structures to ensure that these prescriptions are fully adopted an implemented. There is need for sta development to assist teachers with he implementation of the business education curriculum [Kennedy& Gibson, 2000]. The school inspectorate, the National Business Studies Panel and School administrators should monitor and ensure that the delivery of business education is done according to stipulated curriculum and set standards as well as enforce the fulfillment of pedagogical practices set in the syllabus. If teachers are deviating from prescribed teaching methodologies, it is the responsibility of school administrators and heads of business studies departments to ensure that the best standards in he teaching and bearing of the subject are complied with. Resourcing for the delivery of business education should include the provision of computer laboratories.
