COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN THE SHELL OF FRESH AND BRACKISH WATER PERIWINKLE 

ABSTRACT

The evaluation of heavy metal concentration in two species of periwinkle (Tympanotonusfuscatus and Pachymaleniabryonensis) was carried out using standard analytical procedures. The result of the analysis were as follows; T. fuscatusrecorded for Pb (0.235±0.005mg/100kg), Cd (0.033±0.002mg/100kg), Ni (0.104±0.003mg/100kg), Cr (0.078±0.000mg/100kg), Zn (1.368±0.005mg/100kg) and P. bryonensishad for Pb (0.163±0.004mg/100kg), Cd (0.170±0.003mg/100kg), Ni (0.308±0.002mg/100kg), Cr (0.042±0.000mg/100kg), Zn (1.740±0.012/100kg). The result generally showed that the two samples accumulated all the metals in different concentration in their shells. P. bryonensis had the highest accumulation of metals when compared with T. fuscatus. Therefore, it is recommended that the metallic doses in the periwinkle shells should be extracted for industrial purposes.

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1:   Evaluation of heavy metals in shell of

Pachymaleniabryonensis

TABLE 2:   Evaluation of heavy metals in shell of

Tympanotonusfuscatus

TABLE OF CONTENT

CONTENTS                                                                         PAGE

Title Page    –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        i

Certification         –        –        –        –        –        –        –        ii

Dedication –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        iii

Acknowledgements        –        –        –        –        –        –        iv

Abstract      –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        vi

List of Tables       –        –        –        –        –        –        –        vii

Table of Contents –        –        –        –        –        –        –       

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.           Background of the Study
   1.           Aim and Objectives of the Study
      1. Aim
      1. Objectives of the Study
   1.           Scope and Limitation of the Study
   1.           Definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

• Taxonomy and Characteristics of Periwinkle
  • Ecological distribution of periwinkle specimen in Akwa Ibom
  • Sources of heavy metals in aquatic environment
  • Effect of toxicity of heavy metals in foods

CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHOD

• Materials
  • The Study Area
  • Method
    • Methods of Sample collection
    • Preparation of sample for analysis
    • Laboratory procedure for analysis
    • Determination of Metals
      • Determination of Lead (Pb)
      • Determination of Cadmium (Cd)
      • Determination of Chromium (Cr)
      • Determination of  Nickel (Ni)
      •  Determination of  Zinc (Zn)

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

•           Results
  •           Discussion

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

•           Conclusion
  •           Recommendations

References

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