Table of Contents
Title Page i
Approval Page ii
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgements v
Table of Contents ix
List of Tables                                                                                           viii     Â
List of Figures                                                                                             viii
Abstract                                                                           ix                   Â
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction 1
Background to the Study 1
Statement of the Problem                                                                           12
Purpose of the Study                                                                              13
Research Questions                                                                                      13
Hypotheses 14
Significance of the Study                                                                        14
Scope of the Study 16
CHAPTER TWO: Review of Related Literature                                   17
Conceptual Framework                                                                    17
       Sexual Behaviour and Risky Sexual Behaviour              17
       Components of Risky Sexual Behaviour                                    18
        In-school Adolescents and Sexual Behaviour                          26
        Consequences of Risky Sexual Behaviour                                28
Determinants and Demographic Determinants of Risky Sexual Behaviour 30
Theoretical Framework                                                                    40
Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB).                                                 40
Transtheoretical Model (TTM)Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â 42
Empirical Studies                                                                         46
Summary of Literature Review                                                67
CHAPTER THREE:Methods 69
Research Design 69
Area of the Study 69
Population for the Study                                                                          70
Sample and Sampling Technique                                                         70
Instruments for Data Collection                                                                71
      Validity of the instrument                                                          71
       Reliability of the instrument                                                         71
Method of Data Collection                                                                     72
Method of Data Analysis                                                                  72
CHAPTER FOUR: Results and Discussion
Results                                                                                                                  74
Summary of Major Findings                                                                    91
Discussion 94
CHAPTER FIVE: Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations.
Summary                                                                                             114
Conclusion                                                                                             117
Implications of the study to health education                                          118
Recommendations                                                                           118
Limitations                                                                                                   119
Suggestions for Further Study                                                                 119
References
Appendices
Appendix A: List of Communities in Wukari Local Government Area. 141
APPENDIX B: Ministry of Education Head Quarters, Jalingo, Taraba State 142
APPENDIX C:      Local Government Education Authority                    143
APPENDIX D: List of Senior and Junior Secondary Schools Selected for the study 144
Appendix E: SampleTree                                                                            145
Appendix F: Letter of Information on Field Work                               146
Appendix G: DDRSBISAQÂ Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â 147
Appendix H: Two Days Training Programme for Researcher- Assistants              150
List of Tables
- Percentage of the Respondents by their Socio-Demographic Characteristics     74
- Proportion of In-school Adolescents Who Engage in Risky Sexual Behaviour. 76
- Relationship between Age and Risky Sexual Behaviour                                    79
- Relationship between Gender and Risky Sexual Behaviour                               81
- Relationship between Location and Risky Sexual Behaviour                             83
- Relationship between Religion and Risky Sexual Behaviour                              85
- Relationship between Educational Level and Risky Sexual Behaviour              87
- Summary of Logistic Regression Analysis Testing the Null Hypothesis that Age is not a Significant Determinant of Risky Sexual Behaviour Among In-School Adolescents.                          88
- Summary of Logistic Regression Analysis Testing the Null Hypothesis that Gender is not a Significant Determinant of Risky Sexual Behaviour among In-School Adolescents.                   89
10. Summary of Logistic Regression Analysis Testing the Null Hypothesis that Location is not a Significant Determinant of Risky Sexual Behaviour among In-School Adolescents. 89
11. Summary of Logistic Regression Analysis Testing the Null Hypothesis that Religion is not a Significant Determinant of Risky Sexual Behaviour among In-School Adolescents.                                                      90
12. Summary of Logistic Regression Analysis Testing the Null Hypothesis that Educational Level is not a Significant Determinant of Risky Sexual Behaviour among In-School Adolescents. 90
List of Figures
Figure 1 Schematic representation of conceptual framework 39
Figure 2 Schema of Theory of Planned Behaviour; Source: Ajzen (1991) 42
Figure 3 Schema of Transtheoretical (Stages of change) Model. 44
Figure 4 Schematic Representation of Theoretical
Framework. 45
Abstract
In the study area, the researcher
observed that in- school adolescents engaged in risky sexual behaviour
especially with wealthy individuals which necessitated determining whether
demographic factors were responsible for such behaviours. The purpose of the
study therefore was to investigate the demographic determinants of risky sexual
behaviours among in-school adolescents in Wukari LGA, Taraba State. Six
research questions were formulated and five null hypotheses postulated and
tested at .05 level of significance. The study utilized cross sectional design.
The population of the study consisted of 3,044 In-School Adolescents in
government owned Secondary Schools in Wukari LGA, Taraba State. A sample of 345 was drawn using Taro Yamane
formula. Multi-stage sampling procedure was used to draw the sample from the
population. The reliability coefficient
of the questionnaire (DDRSBISAQ) was 0.734. The reliability coefficient was
determined through Cronbach Alpha statistic. Quantitative data from 345 copies
of completed DDRSBISAQ were collected and analysed. The completed data wereanalysed
using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) batch system version 21. Social
demographic characteristics were analysed usingFrequency and percentage, while
research questions 1-6 were answered using Chi-square. Logistic regression was
used to test the null hypotheses at .05 level of significance. Findings of the
study indicated that the proportion of in-school adolescents who engaged in
risky sexual behaviour such as early sexual initiation, possession of multiple
sexual partners and having sex under intoxication 2.78%. The findings further
revealed that majority (84.48%) of in-school adolescents claimed they had never
engaged in unprotected sex, transactional/survival sex, oral and anal sex. There
was significant relationship between age (p-value 0.050, location (p-value
0.015) and religion (p-value 0.045) within-school adolescents ‘sexual
behaviours, while there was no significant relationship between level of
education (p-value 0.285) and gender (p-value 0.402) with
sexual behaviours of the respondents. Age, location and religion are
significant determinants of risky sexual behaviours among in-school
adolescents, while gender and level of education are not significant
determinants of risky sexual behaviour. The study recommended among others that
curriculum planners and developers should consider the findings of this study
when planning curriculum for both JSS and SS students putting into
consideration the variance in age, gender, location, religion and level of
education.
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
Background to the Study
            Risky sexual behaviour among in-school adolescents is a major public health problem worldwide. United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA, 2004) pointed that sexual activity among young unmarried people worldwide is on the increase. The consequence of risky sexual behaviour is that it increases the likelihood of contracting sexually transmitted infections (STIs), teen pregnancy and low self-esteem. In addition, adolescents’ brain structures are less developed and less well equipped to make rational judgments on complex sexual relationships, thereby predisposing them to heightened risk (Gardener, Steinberg & Peer, 2005). For these reasons, the United Nations Children Emergency Fund (UNICEF, 2011) continues to highlight youth’s vulnerability to unplanned pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections, unsafe abortions and calls for a better understanding of the factors that increase the risky sexual behaviour with the intention to come up with better interventions to modify these behaviours.
Literature revealed that young people are sexually active and are at high risk of contracting HIV/AIDS. Manju and Lule (2004) observed that involvement in risky sexual behaviours including the early transition to sexual activity and unprotected sex, makes adolescents particularly vulnerable to sexually transmitted infections including HIV/ AIDS, as well as unplanned and unwanted pregnancies, abortions, and the complications of early childbearing.
Research conducted in African countries also confirmed and noted the increase in risky sexual behaviour among in-school adolescents. Studies in South Africa have reported high levels of unsafe sexual activity among adolescents (MacPhail & Campbell, 2001; Eaton, Flisher & Aaro, 2003). According to the South African Household Survey on HIV prevalence, Incidence, and Behaviour report released by Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC, 2011), increasing number of adolescents are starting sexual activities early, reporting multiple sexual partners, and inconsistently using condoms (Kaplan, Jones, Olson & Yunzal-Butler 2013; Shisana, Rehle, Simbayi, Parker & Zuma, 2009). It was estimated that condom usage among males aged 15 to 24 years declined between 2008 and 2012 from 85 per cent to 68 per cent (Kaplan et al., 2013), while about 50 per cent of young people were estimated to be sexually active by the age of 16 years in 2002 (Eaton et al., 2003). Reports of multiple sexual partnerships among youths aged 15-24 years show an increase from 15.9 per cent in 2002 to 18.0 per cent in 2008 even though it was not a significant change (Shisana et al., 2009). Similarly, Abma, Martinez and Copen (2010) observed that not all sexually active adolescents take part in risky sexual behaviours. Thirty-nine percent of females and 33 per cent of males who have ever had sex have only had one partner. Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC,2011) asserted that when in-school adolescents engage in risky sexual activity, many forgo the use of condoms. The CDC (2011) further stated that nearly 40 per cent of sexually active adolescents did not use condoms during sexual activity.
Studies in Nigeria have focus on risky sexual behaviour among adolescents. For instance, Ariba (2001) found that risky sexual behaviour contributes to many preventable reproductive health problems such as unwanted pregnancy and unsafe abortion. Ugwu (2015) submitted that adolescents perceive sexual relationship as extremely desirable because music, movies, television, magazines and advertisements present sexuality in a way that glorifies and normalizes sexual behaviour of young people. Omeje and Ekwueme (2013) posited that risky sexual behaviour is the major factor in the rising rate of STIs and adolescents are the major victims of this menace.
Sexual behaviours are things we do with others like kissing, erotic touch, intercourse, oral sex, anal sex and manual sexual stimulation (Robinson, 1999). Sexual behaviour is an individual’s ability to experience or express sexual feeling, (Abah & Echodu, 2004). Sexual behaviour in this study refers to feeling of urge, seeking pleasure, sexual actions and reactions related to pleasure seeking. Sexual behaviour could be healthy or risky. Any romantic and pleasurable act or coitus that increases the risk of contracting sexually transmitted infections or becoming pregnant is a risky sexual behaviour.
Risky sexual behaviour refers to any pleasurable coital activity that increases the risk of contracting STIs or becoming pregnant. Risky sexual behavioursare activities that involve sex which end with consequences that negatively affects in-school adolescents’ health. Risky sexual behaviour means having first sex before 16 years, inconsistent condom use and having multiple sexual partners. Many in-school adolescents indulge in risky sexual behaviour especially unprotected sex and having multiple sexual partners.
Unprotected sex means having sexual intercourse without the use of condom. Schwartz, Forthum, Rvert, Zamboanga, Umana-Taylor and Filton (2010) identified unprotected sex, oral sex, anal sex, possession of multiple sexual partners, casual sex, early sexual debut and sex while intoxicated as practices that constitute risky sexual behaviour. It is through these risky sexual behaviours that infections like STIs including HIV/ AIDS are spread.Gabsby (2003) opined that unprotected sexual intercourse is the act of having sex without protective device such as condom and other methods which could result to contracting STIs.
Forms or components of risky sexual behaviours are oral sex, anal sex, sex under intoxication, transactional or survival sex, unprotected sex, and multiple sexual
partners. These behaviours are associated with serious and detrimental outcomes such as unwanted and unplanned pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV/AIDS and sometimes infertility for life. In the context of this study, risky sexual behaviour refers to all actions involving coitus or intercourse among in-school adolescents that may result to adverse health outcomes.
