ABSTRACT
Five different filling stations (Station A, Station B, Station C, Station D and Station E) were analyzed for Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons and heavy metals concentration using Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and atomic absorption spectrophotometer respectively. The result of the analysis obtained indicated that the percentage range of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) in soil is from 0.8061-34.3103%, respectively. Furthermore, the percentage range of underground water are from 11.632 to 2.292%, while those of heavy metals elements are 0.1277 to 0.1682 mg/L for Cd, 0.1919 to 5.3279 mg/l for Cr, 0.9025 to 1.6084 mg/l for Cu and 0.2977 to 2.4786 mg/l for Pb in soil samples and 0.1269 to 0.1799 mg/l for Cd, -0.3058 to 0.9095mg/l for Cr, 0.4053 to 1.5700 mg/l for Cu and 0.2230 to 1.6303 mg/l for Pb in water samples. Station E recorded the highest value of 32.292% for TPH in water samples while Station D recorded the highest value of 43.9357% for TPH in soil samples. heavy metal in Cd Station E had the highest concentration for soil and Station D had the highest for water, Station E had the highest concentration of Cr in soil and Station A had the highest concentration for water, Station C had the highest concentration of Cu in soil and Station A had the highest concentration in water, Station E had the highest concentration of Pb in both soil and water. From the result, the concentration of Cd, Cr and Pb in soil and water samples are above WHO permissible limit. Also, the percentage concentrations of TPH in soil and water samples in these areas are also higher than the UN recommended value. The soil and water samples from the study areas showed some level of contamination.
| TABLE OF CONTENTS | ||
| TITLE PAGE | ii | |
| DECLARATION | iii | |
| CERTIFICATION | iv | |
| DEDICATION | v | |
| ACKNOWLEDGMENT | vi | |
| ABSTRACT | vii | |
| TABLE OF CONTENT | viii | |
| LIST OF TABLES | xi | |
| APPENDICES | xii | |
| CHAPTER 1 | ||
| 1.0 INTRODUCTION | 1 | |
| 1.1 Background of Study | 1 | |
| 1.2 Statement of the Problem | 1 | |
| 1.3 Significance of Study | 2 | |
| 1.4 Justification of Study | 2 | |
| 1.5 Aim and Objectives | 3 |
CHAPTER 2 4
LITERATURE OVERVIEW 4
- Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon 4
- Impact of petroleum hydrocarbon 4
- Chromatography/ Mass spectrometer (GC/MS 4
- Heavy Metals 5
- Occurrence of Recovery Heavy Metals 6
- Source of Heavy Metals 6
- Natural processes 7
- Anthropogenic processes 7
- Environment impact of heavy metals 8
- Effect of Heavy Metals 8
- Effect on soil 8
- Effect on water 9
- Heavy Metals on Hazardous Material 9
- Human Exposure to Heavy Metal 10
- Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy for Metal Analysis 10
- Effect of Heavy Metals 8
CHAPTER 3 12
METHODOLOGY 12
- Material Used 12
- Reagent Used 12
- Collection of Solid Sample 12
- Collection of Groundwater Sample 12
- Standard TPH Solution 13
- Soil Sample Extraction 13
- Water Sample Extraction 13
- Sample Clean – up 13
- Sample Separation & Detection 14
- Heavy metal digestion 14
- Heavy metal analysis 15
- Quality assurance / control 15
CHAPTER 4 16
4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 16
- Cadmium 17
- Chromium 18
- Copper 18
- Lead 19
4.2.1 Total petroleum hydrocarbons 24
CHAPTER 5 26
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 26
- Conclusion 26
- Recommendation 26
REFERENCE 27
List of Tables
Page
Table 4.1: Concentration of some heavy metals in soil sample collected 16
Table 4.2: Concentration of some heavy metals in water sample collected 17
Table 4.3: Total Petroleum hydrocarbon in soil sample from station A 20
Table 4.4: Total Petroleum hydrocarbon in water from station A 20
Table 4.5: Total Petroleum hydrocarbon in soil sample from station B 21
Table 4.6: Total Petroleum hydrocarbon in water sample from station B 21
Table 4.7: Total Petroleum hydrocarbon in soil sample from station C 22
Table 4.8: Total petroleum hydrocarbon in water sample from station C 22
Table 4,9: Total Petroleum hydrocarbon in soil sample from station D 23
Table 4.10: Total Petroleum hydrocarbon in water sample from station D 23
Table 4.11: Total Petroleum hydrocarbon in soil sample from station E 23
Table: 4.12 Total Petroleum hydrocarbons in water sample from station E 24
Appendices
Page
Appendix 1: Spectrum of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon in Soil Sample from Station A 30
Appendix 2: Spectrum of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon in Water Sample from Station A 30
Appendix 3: Spectrum of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon in Water Sample from Station A 31
Appendix 4: Spectrum of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon in Water Sample from Station A 31
Appendix 5: Spectrum of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon in Water Sample from Station A 32
Appendix 6: Spectrum of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon in Water Sample from Station A 32
Appendix 7: Spectrum of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon in Water Sample from Station A 33
Appendix 8: Spectrum of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon in Water Sample from Station A 33
Appendix 9: Spectrum of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon in Water Sample from Station A 34
Appendix 10: Spectrum of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon in Water Sample from Station A 34
Appendix 11: Spectrum of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon in Water Sample from Station A 35
Appendix 12: Spectrum of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon in Water Sample from Station A 35
Appendix 13: Spectrum of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon in Water Sample from Station A 36
Appendix 14: Spectrum of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon in Water Sample from Station A 36
Appendix 15: Spectrum of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon in Water Sample from Station A 37
Appendix 16: Spectrum of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon in Water Sample from Station A 37
Appendix 17: Spectrum of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon in Water Sample from Station A 38
Appendix 18: Spectrum of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon in Water Sample from Station A 38
Appendix 19: Spectrum of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon in Water Sample from Station A 39
Appendix 20: Spectrum of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon in Water Sample from Station A 39
Appendix 21: Spectrum of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon in Water Sample from Station A 40
Appendix 22: Spectrum of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon in Water Sample from Station A 40
Appendix 23: Spectrum of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon in Water Sample from Station A 41
Appendix 24: Spectrum of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon in Water Sample from Station A 41
Appendix 25: Spectrum of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon in Soil Sample from Station B 42
Appendix 26: Spectrum of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon in Soil Sample from Station B 42
Appendix 27: Spectrum of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon in Soil Sample from Station B 43
Appendix 28: Spectrum of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon in Water Sample from Station B 43
Appendix 29: Spectrum of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon in Water Sample from Station B 44 Appendix 30: Spectrum of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon in Water Sample from Station B 44
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
The exploration and exploitation of crude oil in Nigeria have been in existence since 1956. Available data shows that in 2020, total oil production averaged 1,951.000 Barrel/Day, with an estimated 36.89 billion barrels of proven oil as of January, 2020 (Adeniyi and Afolabi, 2002).In view of discovery of crude oil, oil spillages as a result of industrial activities and pipe-line vandalization have been a concern area in Nigeria, where oil is being produced or taken to (filling stations), the soil and groundwater of oil exploration, production and storage zones are frequently contaminated. Heavy metals are released into the environment by both natural and anthropogenic sources. The main natural sources of metals in soil, water and air are chemical weathering of minerals. The existence of total petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals in soil and water has led to serious concerns about their influence on plant and animal life. Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) are a term used to describe a large family of several hundred chemical compounds that originally come from crude oil. Crude oil is used to make petroleum products, which can contaminate the environment (Hassan et al, 2013) while heavy metals is used to describe more than a dozen elements that are metals or metalloids (Vogel, 1989); e.g. chromium, arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, manganese, copper etc. Heavy metals are natural constituents of the Earth’s Crust; they are persistent and non-degradable in all parts of the environment.
- Statement of the Problem
Crude oil, when refined contains a wide range of components such as hydrocarbons, heavy metals, dye additives, antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, etc. The refined products show higher toxicity compared to crude oil, since metals speciation is altered and new metals are added to the matrix during the refining processes (Pavageau et al. 2004). The waste generated from such processes may contain spent catalyst which are not recovered in most cases but discharged into soil and receiving water bodies where they accumulate in surface water, sediments of rivers and ultimately ground water. Environmental soil and water pollution has been aggravated by marked increase in global population, poverty, increased industrialization and urbanization in developed countries since the beginning of the century. An environment can be polluted by toxic organic and inorganic waste/chemicals which are always released into the environment through human (directly or indirectly) activities. According to United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), TPH releases into the environment will threaten public health and safety by contaminating drinking water, causing fire and explosion hazards, diminishing air and water quality, compromising agriculture, destroying recreational areas, destroying habitats and food, and wasting non-renewable resources.
