ABSTRACT
Assessment of the duration exposure-dependent effect of carbamate treated net on hepatic and renal functions of albino wistar rats after 30 and 60 days was carried out. Serum ALT, AST and ALP levels were determined to assess liver function while serum creatinine and urea levels were measured for kidney function. Eighteen (18) male albino wistar rats weighing 138-146g were divided into 3 groups of 6 rats each. Group 1 served as control, group 2 animals were exposed to carbamate treated net for 30 days and group 3 animals for 60 days. The results showed that the levels of serum AST and ALT increased in all the experimental groups exposed when compared to the control group. ALT increased significantly (p<0.05) in the rats exposed for 60 days (203.83±0.307) while AST increased highest in both the groups exposed for 30 days (203± 1.613)and 60 days (362± 0.365) respectively when compared to the normal control (150.5±0.34). ALP increased significantly (p<0.05) only in the group exposed for 30 days (17.67±0.21),but decreased in the group exposed for 60 days when compared to the normal control. Serum creatinine increased insignificantly (p>0.05) in the group exposed for 30 days but decreased in the group exposed for 60 days while serum urea level in the group exposed for 30 days remain unchanged but decreased after 60 days when compared to the normal group. Statistically, there was a significant increase (p<0.05) in body weight and organ weight of the animals exposed for 30 and 60 days. Therefore, this present study demonstrates that exposure to carbamate treated net may alter the integrity and function of liver thereby causing hepatotoxicity while the exposure of rats to carbamate treated net may not pose any nephrotoxicity in rats.
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE i
CERTIFICATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iv
ABSTRACT vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES xi
LIST OF FIGURES xii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of study 1
1.2 Aim and objectives of study 6
1.3 Statement of problem 6
1.4 Justification of the study 8
1.5 Scope of the study 9
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 General Overview of Carbamate 10
2.1.1 Physical and Chemical Properties of Carbamate 11
2.1.2 Mode of Action 12
2.1.3 Toxicity, Exposure and Effects of Carbamate 14
2.1.4 Treatment and Management of Carbamate Poisoning 17
2.2 Kidney 19
2.2.1 Functions of the kidney 20
2.2.2 Renal function tests 21
2.2.2.1 Glomerular filtration rate 22
2.2.2.2 Creatinine 24
2.2.2.3 Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) 25
2.3 Liver 26
2.3.1 Functions of the liver 27
2.3.2 Serum liver enzymes 31
2.3.2.1 Serum Transaminases (ALT, AST) 32
2.3.2.2 Alkaline phosphatase 33
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHOD
3.1 Apparatus and Materials 35
3.2 Chemical Reagents 36
3.3 Experimental Procedure 36
3.4 Exposure of Animals to Carbamate Treated Net 37
3.5 Collection and Preparation of Samples for Analysis 38
3.6 Serum Biochemical Analysis 39
3.6.1 Determination of Serum Urea Level 39
3.6.2 Determination of serum creatinine level 41
3.6.3 Determination of Alanine Amino Transaminase (ALT) Activity
Using Agappe Kit Based on Reitman and Frankel (1957) 43
3.6.4 Determination of Aspartate Amino Transaminase Activity
Using Agappe Kit Based on Reitman and Frankel (1957) 43
3.6.5 Determination of Alkaline Phosphatase Activity Using
Agappe Kit Based on Schlebush (1974) 44
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS
4.1 Statistical Analysis 45
4.2 Duration exposure-dependent effect on alanine transaminase
(ALT) 47
4.3 Duration exposure-dependent effect on alkaline
phosphatase (ALP) 47
4.4 Duration exposure-dependent effect on aspartate transaminase
(AST) 48
4.5 Duration exposure-dependent effect on creatinine 49
4.6 Duration exposure-dependent effect on urea 49
4.7 Duration of exposure dependent effect on organ weight indices 57
4.7.1 Effect on Liver 58
4.7.2 Effect on Heart 58
4.7.3 Effect on Kidney 59
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
5.1 Discussion 60
5.2 Conclusion 62
REFERENCES 64
