Abstract
Biodiesel is a biodegradable, environment friendly, renewable and energy efficiency fuel. It is becoming the most prominent alternative to petro-diesel. Due to current environmental concerns, quality and properties of biodiesel have to be optimized to remove its limitations. The use of oxygenates additives have proved to play such important role. The purpose of this research work was to compare the effects of oxygenates on biodiesel properties such as viscosity, heat content, density, specific gravity, and flash point, pour and cloud point. Tiger and neem oil were extracted from tiger and neem seed and were used to produce biodiesel. The properties of produced biodiesel were studied and compared to ASTM standards. Oxygenates additives (methanol, ethanol and diethyl ether) were added to the biodiesel at different ratios (10%, 20% and 30%) to study their effect on the quality of biodiesel produced. The kinematic viscosity of pure Neem Oil Methyl ester (NOME) and Tiger oil Methyl Ester (TOME) at 400C were found to be 5.582mm2s-1 and 4.317mm2s-1 respectively. The lowest value of kinematic viscosity was seen to be 1.582mm2s-1 for NOME70:30DE and 1.5537mm2s-1 for TOME70:30 DE. The densities of the blends biodiesel were found to be in range of 0.82932- 0.8783g/ml. The heat content and flash point of biodiesel blends were also studied in the experiment. We observed that blending biodiesel with oxygenates can be a very good way to improve the quality and properties of biodiesel.
Table of Contents
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… i
CHAPTER1.0 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1
1.7 Aims and significance………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7
CHAPTER2. Literature review……………………………………………………………………………………………. 8
CHAPTER 3.0 Materials and Methods……………………………………………………………………………….. 14
- Extraction of Tiger oil from Tigernut……………………………………………………………………………… 14
3.4.6. Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS)……………………………………………….. 17
3.4.7 Infrared spectroscopy (IR)………………………………………………………………………………… 18
- Blending of biodiesel from tiger and neem oil with oxygenates………………………………………….. 18
- Viscosity…………………………………………………………………….. Error! Bookmark not defined.
References…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 35
Table of charts
Chart: 1 Density of TOME……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 31
Chart: 2 Density of NOME………………………………………………………………………………………………. 32
Chart: 3 Specific gravity TOME………………………………………………………………………………………… 33
Chart: 4 Specific gravity for NOME………………………………………………………………………………… 33
List of tables
Table 1: Composition of dried Tigernut……………………………………………………………………………….. 3
Table 2: Physical properties of oxygenates…………………………………………………………………………… 6
Table 3: The percentage yield…………………………………………………………………………………………. 21
Table 4: Composition of oil extracted by GC-MS………………………………………………………………. 22
Table 5: IR peaks range for NOME…………………………………………………………………………………… 24
Table 6: IR peaks for TOME…………………………………………………………………………………………… 25
Table 7: TOME AND NOME Properties……………………………………………………………………………. 26
Table 8: NOME GC-MS………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 27
Table 9: TOME GC-MS…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 27
Table of figures
Figure 1: Schematic of biodiesel production…………………………………………………………………………. 4
Figure 2:Emission particulates…………………………………………………………………………………………… 11
Figure 3: Density and specific gravity………………………………………………………………………………… 12
Figure 4: Pour&cloud point………………………………………………………………………………………………. 14
Figure 5 solvent extraction……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 15
Figure 6: IR OF NOME……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 23
Figure 7: IR FOR TOME………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 24
Figure 8 : Viscosity against Temperature…………………………………………………………………………….. 28
Figure 9: Effect of oxygenates on Tiger Oil Methyl Ester (TOME)………………………………………….. 29
Figure 10:Effects of oxygenates on Neem Oil Methyl Ester (NOME)……………………………………… 30
