ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION IN NIGERIA: ISSUSE AND SOLUTION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page                                                                                        i
Certification                                                                                   ii
Approval                                                                                        iii
Dedication                                                                                      iv
Acknowledgements                                                                       v
Table of Contents                                                                           vii
Table of Cases                                                                               x
Table of Statutes                                                                             xii
Table of Abbreviation                                                                   xiii
Abstract                                                                                          xiv
CHAPTER ONE:Â Â INTRODUCTION
1.0    Introduction                                                                          1
1.1    Definition of Environment                                                  8
1.2    Pollution                                                                               10
1.3    Types of Pollution and Sources                                           12
1.3.1 Water Pollution and Sources                                                        12
1.3.2 Noise Pollution and Sources                                                         15
1.3.3 Air Pollution and Sources                                                   17
1.3.4 Land Pollution and Sources                                                19
CHAPTER TWO:Â Â Â Â Â Â Â THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION IN NIGERIA
- Common Law 21
- The 1999 Constitution 26
- National Policy on Environment 31
- The Criminal Code 31
- Oil in Navigable Waters Act 32
- Oil Terminal Due Act 34
- Associated Gas Re-Injection Act 35
- The Petroleum Act 36
- Petroleum (Drilling and Production) Regulations 37
- Mineral Oil Safety Regulations 39
- The Environmental Impact Assessment Act 39
- The Harmful Waste (Special Criminal Provisions) Act 41
- The Federal Environmental Protection Agency Act 42
- States Pollution Control Laws 43
- International Conventions Adopted by Nigeria in
Regulating Pollution                                                            43
CHAPTER THREE:Â Â Â THE INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION IN NIGERIA
- Federal Institutional Framework 45
- National Environmental Standards Regulations
Enforcement Agency                                                            45
- The Police 51
- The Federal High Court 52
- State Environmental Protection Agencies 56
- Local Government Level 58
- Individual/Private Enforcement 59
CHAPTER FOUR:Â Â Â Â Â ANALYSIS OF THE LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION IN NIGERIA
- Legal Framework – Analysis 61
- Institutional Framework – Analysis 79
CHAPTER FIVE:Â Â Â CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- Conclusion 81
- Recommendations 87
Bibliography                                                                                  91
TABLE OF CASES
A.C.F. v Commonwealth (1986) 146 CMLR 493
A.G. Lagos State v. AG Federation (2003) 12 NWLR (pt. 833).
Abacha & Ors. V. Gani Fawehinmi (2000)6 NWLR (pt. 660) p. 228
Abiola v. Ijeoma (1970) 2 All NLR 768
Adeniran v. Interland Transport Limited (1986)2 NWLR (pt. 20) p. 78
Allah Irou v. Shell BP. Suit No. W/89/71 (Unreported)
Amos & Others v. Shell BP. (1977) 6 S.C. p. 9
Archbishop Anthony Olubunmi Okojie & Ors. V. Attorney-General of Lagos State (1981) 1 Nigerian Constitutional Law Report 262.
Fawehinmi v. Akilu (1987)4 NWLR (pt. 67) p. 797
Isaiah v. SPDC (2001) 11 NWLR (pt. 723) p. 168.
Mcdonald v. Associated Fuels Ltd (1954 (1954)3 D.L.R. 775
Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation v. Selle (2004) 4 NWLR (pt. 856) p. 379
Obasanjo v. Yusuf (2004)9 NWLR (pt. 877)p. 144.
Onajoke v. Seismograph Services Ltd (Unreported) Suit. No. SHC/28/67
Oronto Douglass v. SPDC & Others (Unreported) Suit No. FHC/L/CS/573/931
Owoniyi Omotosho (1961) NLR 30
- v. Inspectorate of Pollution Ex Parte Green Peace (1994) 2 CMLR 548, (1994) All E.R. 329
Read v. Lyods and Co. Ltd (1945) KB 216 p. 236.
Ryland v. Fetcher (1886) I.R. EX 265
SP.D.C. v. H.B. Fishermen (2002) 4 N.W.L.R. (pt. 758) p. 205
Seismograph Services v. Mark (1993) 7 NWLR 203
Seismograph Services v. Ogbeni (1976) I.S.C. 85
Shela Zia v Water and Power Development Authority Plc (1994) SCA 16
Total (Nig.) Plc v. I.I.R.A. (2004)7 NWLR (pt. 873) p. 453
Umudje v. Shell BP (1975) 9-11 SC 172
TABLE OF STATUTES
Constitution of The Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999 Â Â Â Â Â Â –
The African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (Ratification and Enforcement) Act Cap 10 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 1990
The Criminal Code Cap 77 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 1990
The Criminal Procedure Act Cap 80 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 1990
The Evidence Act, Cap 1 2 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 1990
Associated Gas Re-Injection Act, Cap 26 LFN 1990
Edo State Environmental Sanitation Edict of 1994
Environmental Sanitation Edict of 1994
Environmental Impact Assessment Act 1992 –
National Environmental Standards Regulations Enforcement Agency Act 2007
Harmful Waste (Special Criminal Provisions) Act Cap 165, LFN, 1990
Oil in Navigable Waters Act Cap 337, LFN, 1990
Oil Terminal Due Act Cap 339 LFN, 1990
The Petroleum Act Cap 310 LFN, 1990
Petroleum Drilling and Production Regulations Cap 350 LFN, 1990
Mineral Oil Safety Regulations, Cap 350 LFN, 1990
Oyo State Environmental Sanitation Edict, 1986
The Civil Aviation Act Cap 51 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 1990
Lagos State Environmental Sanitation Edict No. 3 1998
The Basel Convention of 1987
The Bomako Convention of 1991
The Stockholm Conference of 1972
TABLE OF ABBREVIATION
A.C.                                                   Appeal Cases
All ERÂ Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â All England Reports
A.N.L.R.                                           All Nigerian Law Reports
Cr. App. R.                                      Criminal Appeal Reports
E.N.L.R.                                            Eastern Nigerian Law Reports
N.L.R.                                               Nigerian Law Reports
N.M.L.R.                                          Nigerian Monthly Law Report
N.R.N.L.R.                                       Northern Region of Nigeria Law Reports
N.S.C.C.                                           Nigeria Supreme Courts Cases
N.W.L.R.                                          Nigerian Weekly Law Report
Q.B.                                                   Queen’s Bench
S.C.N.J.                                             Supreme Court of Nigeria Judgements
W.A.C.A.                                         Selected Judgements of the West African Court of Appeal
W.L.R.                                               Weekly Law Report
W.R.N.L.R.                                      Western Region of Nigeria Law Report
K.B.                                                    Law Report of Kings Bench
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ABSTRACT
This project deals with the control of Environmental Pollution in Nigeria.
Pollution of the environment leads to the degradation of the environment, which is a consequence of industrialization. In Nigeria, there are laws that are enacted to safeguard our environment. There are also institutions put in place to enforce these laws.
However, recent experience has shown that despite these laws and the institutions, the environment (air, water and land) is still being polluted by man. Yet, it is this environment that man lives.
This long essay is a contribution to the relationship of man and the environment. This work is important because it relates to life. For life to be protected, the environment must be safeguarded. This is not only for present generation, but also for future generations of Nigerians.
Consequently, the crucial issue is not to halt all domestic, commercial and industrial activities in order to sustain the quality of the environment, rather, the issue is to examine the legal and institutional framework for the control of environmental pollution in Nigeria whether they have been able to attain the objective of their enactment and establishments. If theyhave done that, then we shall be done but if not, we shall profer certain recommendations for the effectiveness of the laws and the institutions.
This work shall be limited in scope to Nigerian environmental laws and institutions. For the purpose of an indept analysis and a proper comparative analysis, positions of other countries e.g. Canada and America shall be referred to in passing.
There could arise during the course of this research some intervening variables which might prevent the researcher in presenting a flawless and perfect work on this study. These include: the deart of cases in respect of environmental issues. Also envisaged is the problem of laying hands on both foreign and local journals in this topic.
