ABSTRACT
The main objective of the study was to determine the farmers’ perception of Growth Enhancement Support (GES) scheme in Kogi State. A total 120 copies of the questionnaires were administered to the schemes’ participants purposely selected from 12 communities of six local government areas of the State. The local government areas are Lokoja, Kogi, Ajaokuta, Adavi, Bassa and Dekina. Data was collected on both demographic and farm characteristics of the respondents. Others areas include respondents’ perceived perception of the GES scheme effectiveness, knowledge level of respondents, level of satisfaction on the scheme activities, the constraints to effective implementation of the scheme and the strategies for effective implementation of the scheme. Data collected was presented using descriptive statistics, mean scores, standard deviation, factor analysis and multiple regression models. The result of the analysis revealed that majority (78.3%) of the respondent were male and married and the farmers mean age was 42.4years. The mean farming household size was 5persons with Christian and Muslim religion being mainly practiced. About 89.2% of the respondents took farming as their major profession with the mean farming experience as 18.6 years. Majority (85.8%) of the respondents belong to social or religion organisations and have access to agriculture-related information. The major crops grown in the area include maize, cassava and rice. The respondents had a very high knowledge of the schemes’ activities and the major source of information on the scheme activities was extension agents. On the farmers’ perception of the GES, a good number of respondents have positive perception on the schemes’ operational process and are equally satisfied with some implementation processes of the scheme. However, the major constraints to effective implementation of the scheme include untimely input provision, inability to pay for the mobile phones. Factor analysis also grouped these constraints into inputs, personnel and poverty-related constraints. The suggested strategies for effective implementation of the scheme include timely input provision and early registration of participants. The hypothesis shows that access to agriculture- related information (t=-2.340:p=0.05) had a significant relationship with rural farmers’ knowledge. It was recommended that early inputs provisions is to be ensured since farming operations are time bound, the farm inputs are to be further subsidised in such a way that everyone will be able to pay for the subsidized inputs. Other suggestions are the provision of mobile phones, creation of more redemption centres along with construction of feeder roads in order to facilitate the effective operations of the scheme. Lastly, early registration of participants, recruitment of more staff along with women encouragement for participation is to be ensured.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Declaration ii
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgment v
Abstracts vi
Table of contents vii
List of tables viii
Acronyms ix
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Information 1
1.2 Problem statement 4
1.3 Purpose of the study 5
1.4 Hypothesis 5
1.5 Significance of the study 5
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 7
2.1. Farmers’ perception and participation in agricultural programmes 7
2.2. Concept of knowledge and its use 10
2.3. Sources of agricultural information used by farmers 12
2.4. Some agricultural development interventions in Nigeria and the prevailing constraints 18
2.5. Strategies for boosting agricultural production 34
2.6. Conceptual frame work 37
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 39
3.1 Study Area 39
3.2 Population and Sampling Procedure 40
3.3 Instrument for data collection 41
3.4 Measurements of variables 41
3.5 Data Analysis 45
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 47
4.1.1 The socio economic characteristics of respondents 47
4.1.2 Institutional characteristics of the respondents 52
4.2 Farmers perceived effectiveness of GES scheme 54
4.3.1 Farmers’ knowledge of Growth Enhancement Support (GES) scheme 56
4.3.2 The farmers’ knowledge level on GES scheme 58
4.4 Sources of Information on Growth Enhancement Support (GES) scheme 59
4.5 Farmers level of satisfaction in the schemes’ implementation Process 60
4.6. Perceived constraints to effective implementation of GES scheme 62
4.7 Strategies for effective implementation of the GES scheme 66
4.8 Test of Hypothesis 68
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 71
5.1 Summary 71
5.2 Conclusion 72
5.3 Recommendation 73
REFERENCES 75
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Population and sampling procedure 41
Table 2: Percentage distribution of respondents by their socio-economic characteristics 51
Table 3: Percentage distribution of respondents according to their Institutional characteristics 54
Table 4: Mean and standard deviation of farmers’ perceived effectiveness GES 56
Table 5: Percentage distribution of respondents knowledge score 58
Table 6: Farmers knowledge level on GES scheme 59
Table 7: Percentage distribution of respondents by information sources on GES 60
Table 8: Farmers’ level of satisfaction in the implementation of the scheme 62
Table 9: Mean and standard deviation of perceived constraints to effective implementation of the scheme 64
Table 10: Varimax rotated constraints to effective implementation of the GES scheme 66
Table 11: Strategies for enhancing the effective Implementation of GES 68
Table12: Socio-economic and Institutional characteristics influencing Farmers’ GES knowledge 70
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 1: The schema for the farmers’ perception of the GES scheme in Kogi State 38
ACRONYMS USED IN THE STUDY
ADP Agricultural Development Project
ATA Agricultural Transformation Agenda
CDD Community Driven Development
DFRRI Directorate of Food, Roads and Rural Infrastructure
DFEE Division of Farmers’ Education Extension
FCAs Fadama Community Associations
FRUGs Fadama Resource User Groups
FEAP Family Economic Advancement Programme
FSS Farm Settlement Scheme
FCT Federal Capital Territory
FGN Federal Government of Nigeria
FMRD Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
FAO Food and Agricultural Organization
ICTs Information and communication technologies
IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development
IIDC International Institute for Communication and Development
LDPs Local Development Plans
LGA Local Government Area
MARA Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs
NAFPP National Accelerated Food Production Programme
NALDA National Agricultural Land Development Authority
NBS National Bureau of Statistic
NFDP National Fadama Development Project
NPC National Population Commission
OFN Operation Feed the Nation
RBDA River Basin Development Authority
RDP Rural Development Project
USDA United
States Department of Agriculture
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Information
The Nigerian economy has been strongly dependent on agriculture for many years, before the discovery of oil in 1956. Agricultural enterprises such as cocoa, groundnut, oil palm and cotton production accounted for a large chunk of foreign exchange earnings in Nigeria. The south-western zone of the country was renowned mainly for its cocoa production and the South East together with South-South zones were renowned for oil palm production, while the Northern part of the country was renowned for its groundnut and cotton production. Nigeria was also one of the largest exporters of oil palm and cocoa until the discovery of crude oil, which resulted in the partial neglect of the agricultural sector. Even with the decline in output, the sector has continued to contribute about 40% to Nigeria’s GDP.(Nigeria Economic Outlook Report 2010-2011 period, in National Bureau of Statistic (NBS), 2012).
Agriculture is predominantly practised in the rural areas of the country. Most farmers in those areas could not embark on mechanized agriculture because of the high rate of poverty that is prevalent in those areas coupled with the land tenure system still being practised in most places; hence, the need for farmers in rural areas to have access to farm inputs such as fertilisers in order to ensure that soil fertility is maintained. Resources required to enhance high agricultural productivity are the provision of seeds and information on best farming practice. In view of this, in July 2012 the Federal Government of Nigeria introduced the Growth Enhancement Support (GES) scheme and this was designed to deliver government subsidised farm inputs directly to farmers via GSM phones. The GES scheme, according to Adesina (2012), is powered by e-Wallet, an electronic distribution channel, which provides an efficient and transparent system for the purchase and distribution of agricultural inputs based on a voucher system. The scheme guarantees registered farmers e-Wallet vouchers with which they can collect fertilisers, seeds and other agricultural inputs from agro-dealers at half the cost, the other half being borne by the federal government and state government in equal proportions. As part of the GES Scheme, the federal ministry of agriculture announced that the ministry would equip millions of farmers in the rural areas with mobile phones (Adesina, 2013). Adesina (2013) further stressed that the project would link farmers directly to government and vice-versa so that Government would be able to monitor the progress of farmers as well as disseminate valuable information to them.
According to Cross River State Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources (2012), the GES scheme is one of the many critical components of the federal government’s Agricultural Transformation Agenda (ATA). It was designed for the specific purpose of providing affordable agricultural inputs like fertilizers and hybrid seeds to farmers in order to increase yields per hectare and make them comparable to world standard. GES scheme which is an innovative scheme seeks to remove the difficulties usually associated with the distribution of fertilizer and hybrid seeds in the country, as in the past farmers complained of diversion, exorbitant cost and adulteration of various inputs which had ultimately led to low productivity, increased poverty, unemployment and lack of interest in farming.
The scheme, according to the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (FMRD) (2012), represents a policy and pragmatic shift within the existing fertilizer market stabilization programme and puts the resource- constrained farmer at the centre through the provision of series of incentives to encourage the critical actors in the fertilizer value chain to work together to improve productivity, household food security and income of the farmer. According to Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (FMRD) (2012), the goals of GES include to:
- target 5 million farmers in each year for four (4) years that will receive GES in their mobile phones directly, totalling 20 million at the end of the 4 years;
- provide support directly to farmers to enable them procure agricultural inputs at affordable prices and at the right time and place,
- increase productivity of farmers across the length and breadth of the country through increased use of fertilizer i.e. 50kg/ha from 13kg/ha; and
- change the role of Government from direct procurement and distribution of fertilizer to a facilitator of procurement, regulator of fertilizer quality and catalyst of active private sector participation in the fertilizer value chain.
The scheme’s approach is to target beneficiaries through the use of electronic system, and by encouraging the engagement of the private sector in the distribution and delivery of fertilizers and other critical inputs directly to farmers. The objectives of the GES scheme include to : (a) provide affordable agricultural inputs like fertilizer, hybrid seeds and agro-chemicals to farmers; (b) remove the usual complexities associated with fertilizer distribution; (c) encourage critical actors in the fertilizer value chain to work together to improve productivity; (d) enhance farmers’ income and promote food security; and (e) shifting the provision of subsidized fertilizer away from a general public to only identified genuine small holder farmers (FMARD, 2012).
In various states of the country, the programme commenced in July 2012 after the farmers were sensitized and registered prior to the commencement of the scheme. Thirty five states of the country had already keyed into the programme for implementation except Zamfara had already keyed into the programme with various farm inputs being redeemed to registered farmers at designated redemption centres (FMARD, 2013).
