UTILIZATION OF FERMENTED MUCUNA PRURIENS LEAF MEAL AS A REPLACEMENT FOR SOYABEAN MEAL IN CLARIAS GARIEPINUS (BURCHELL, 1822) FINGERLINGS DIETS
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1Background of the Study
The intensive production of farmed fish with compound feeds, has been largely increased mainly due to the growth of aquaculture production, and also because it is the most efficient way of production to meet the fish demand (Olsen and Hasan, 2012). Although, capture fishery production has been relatively stable at about 90 million tonnes since the 1990s, the rising demand for fishery products has not been met by a fast-growing aquaculture industry, which set an all-time high record at 67 million tonnes in 2012, providing 50% of the fish used for human consumption (FAO, 2014). In fish farming, nutrition is critical because fish feed represents about 60% of the total production costs (Sogbesan et al., 2006). Protein component represents about 50% of feed cost in intensive culture (El-Sayed, 2005). Therefore, the selection of proper quantity and quality of dietary protein is a necessary tool for successful fish culture practices.
Soya bean meal (SBM) is one of the most nutritious of all plant protein sources (Batal, 2000). Due to its high protein content, high digestibility and relatively well balanced amino acid profiles, it is widely used as feed ingredient for many aquaculture species (Storebakken et al., 2000). It is currently the most commonly used plant protein source in fish feed. Lim and Akiyama (1992) reported that soya bean products have been used to replace a significant portion of fish meal in fish feed with nutritional, environmental and economic benefits. However, wider utilization and availability of this conventional source for fish feed is limited by increasing demand for human consumption and by other animal feed industries (Siddhuraju and Becker, 2001), hence the need to focus on using less expensive and readily available plant protein sources to replace soya bean meal without reducing the nutritional quality of the feed becomes imperative.
The Mucuna pruriens belongs to the family Fabaceae and has been described as a multipurpose plant which is used extensively both for its nutritional and medicinal properties (Adepoju and Odubena, 2009). It is twinning and tropical legume known as velvet bean and of common names such as: cow-itch, cowhage, Bengal beans, itchy bean, buffalo bean and velvet bean (English), while it’s called Agbara (Igbo), Yerepe (Yoruba) and Karara (Hausa) (Manyham et al., 2004). The roots are bitter, stimulants, purgative, aphrodisiac and diuretic. The leaves of Mucuna pruriens are used as remedy for various diseases such as diabetes, arthritis, dysentery, and cardiovascular diseases (Barrows et al., 2008). Mucuna pruriens has been shown to increase testosterone levels (Amin et al.,1996), leading to deposition of protein in the muscles and increased muscle mass and strength (Bhasin et al., 1996), and some medicinal properties attributed to the plant include that the roots are thermogenic, antihelminthic, and also used to relieve constipation, neuropathy and ulcer (Warrier et al.,1996). The seeds have been found to have anti-depressant properties when consumed, and it has also shown to be neuro-protective (Manyham et al., 2004).
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UTILIZATION OF FERMENTED MUCUNA PRURIENS LEAF MEAL AS A REPLACEMENT FOR SOYABEAN MEAL IN CLARIAS GARIEPINUS (BURCHELL, 1822) FINGERLINGS DIETS
