TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of contents v
List of figures xiii
List of tables ix
Abstract x
1.0 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1-6
1.1 Background to the Study 1
1.2 Problem Statement 4
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the study 5
1.4 Justificationfor the study 5
1.5 Scope of Work 6
2.0 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 7-24
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Water Resources in Nigeria 8
2.3 Water Management Practices and Policy in Nigeria 10
2.4 Water Allocation Guidelines and Principles 10
2.5    Water Resources Management Models for River Basin Simulation 11
2.5.1 MODSIM 12
2.5.2 MIKE BASIN 13
2.5.3 RIBASIM 14
2.5.4 REALM 15
2.5.5 WEAP21 16
2.6 Description of the SWAT Modeling and SWAT Components 18
2.7 SWAT Strength and Limitation 20
2.7.1 Limitation of SWAT Model 21
2.8 Previous Water Supply And Demand Studies 21
3.0 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 25-36
3.1 Introduction 25
3.2 Model Selection and Description 25
3.3 Model Data Requirements and Collection 27
3.3.1 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) 27
3.3.2 Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) 29
3.3.3 Soil Data 31
3.3.4 Weather Data 32
3.4 SWAT Model Set-Up and Run 33
3.4.1 Model Setup 33
3.4.2 Watershed Delineation 34
3.5    Water Yield Potential and Estimation of Available Water Resources 35
3.6 Water demand estimation 36
3.7 Population Forecasting 36
4.0 CHAPTER FOUR: RESULT AND DISCUSSION 37-42
4.1 Prediction of Water Balance Component 37
4.2 Prediction of Water Yield Potentials in the Sub-basin of Asa watershed 40
4.3 Estimation of Available Water Resources 41
4.4 Estimation of Water Demand of the River Basin 41
4.5 Comparison of Water Supply and Demand 42
5.0 CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 43-44
5.1 Conclusions 43
5.2 Recommendations 44
REFERENCES 45-51
ABSTRACT
This study arose from the growing water demand within the Asa River Basin due to population upsurge, the absence of existing water demand management strategies, the possibility of scarcity as a result of climate change, and the need for sustainable water resources management. The aim of the study was to assess water availability and water demand of Asa catchment using GIS-based hydrological model. The methodology involved the input of spatial and temporal data into Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) using Geographic Information System (GIS) as interface. After the model was configured, set up and run, the water balance components and water yield potential were predicted. The modelling results showed that evapotranspiration is the highest water balance component while the lowest is lateral soil flow. The spatial distribution of water yield potentials in the sub-basins of the study area showed that sub-basin 9 has the lowest water yield potential while sub-basin 84 has the highest. The total water yield potential of the study area is 1,296,676.5mm while the total area of the river catchment is 5,618.28km2. The available water resources in the catchment were estimated to be 7.2 billion m3. The projected total population of the domiciled local governments in the catchment for 2015 is 1,203,743 persons and the water demand for this population was estimatedas 1.3 billion m3. Comparing the water demand with the available water resources shows that the available water resources outweigh the water demand, which implies that there was no scarcity. However, there may be future scarcity due to the increasing population and climate change.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
- Background to the study
Water is a vital resource for every human activity. Water makes life possible. Without it, life and civilization cannot develop or survive (Ojekunle, 2011). Water forms the largest part of most living matter and is vital to man just as air and food are (Ayoade, 2003). The management and maintenance of water is thus very important (Fiorilloa, 2007). The accelerating growth of human population, the rapid advances made in industry and agriculture have resulted in a rapidly increasing use of water by man, to the extent that the availability of water as well as the control of excessive water has become a critical factor in the development of every regions of the world (Williams, 2010).
Over the decades, water supply management has proved to be insufficient to deal with strong competition for water with growing per capita water use, increasing population, urbanization pollution and storages (Wang Xiao – Jun et al, 2009). In addition, the need for domestic, industrial and agricultural water supply is growing, but the absence of demand management strategies means that the increase in demand will likely outstrip the available supply, hence water scarcity (UNESCO, 2006). One-third of the world’s total population of 5.7 billion lives under conditions of relative water scarcity and 450 million people are under severe water stress (UN, 1997). The issue of water scarcity in the world and its implication on development of new political and economic relations among countries may result to crisis in the future. Thus, there is need for the implementation of effective water resources management which becomes particularly important towards determining how much water is available for human use and economic activities that water should be shared between users.
Population growth is a major contributor to water scarcity. The global population is expanding by 80 million people annually, increasing the demand for freshwater by about 64 billion m3a year (Population Institute, 2010). Rapid population growth and urbanization could expose more people to water shortages, with negative implications for livelihoods, health, and security. These demographic trends, coupled with increasing per-capita water consumption, will be a huge development challenge (Bates, Kundzewicz, Wu and Palutikof, 2008). Growthin population implies mounting demand and competition of water for domestic, industrial, and municipal uses (Population Action International, 2011). Population growth leads directly to increases in overall water demand, while other demographic factors such as population distribution and age structure modifies the pattern in demand and determines increases in household water demand. Overall, the amount of water each person uses is expected to increase as incomes grow and consumption increases (UN-Water and FAO. 2007).
Evidences are ample that there is an explosion in the population of cities in Nigeria (Eja, Inah, YaroandInyang, 2011; Nwosu, 2013). The effect of the rapid urban population growth is noticeable through the provision of municipal services such as pipe-borne water. Expectations of the populace on the activities of policy makers for the supply of water are quite high. (Sule, 2008). Water can be said to be adequate when an individual is availed a quantity of at least 50 litres per day (World Health Organization, 2003).
The unavailability of water in required proportion for man’s use has assume global crises dimension. According to the Population Institute (2010), only 20 percent of the global population has access to running water and over 1 billion people do not have access to clean water. The Population Institute noted further that with a projected population of the world to expand to 9 billion people by 2050, it is estimated that 90 percent of the additional 3 billion people will be living in developing countriess, many of which are already experiencing water stress or scarcity therefore, it is pertinent to manage water resources sustainably.
Water resources management has a significant impact on the socio-economic development of a catchment. The water demands and availability depends on the economic, ecological, land use, and climatic changes of a region (Droogers,2012).Water resource management is a multifaceted issue that becomes more complex when considering multiple nations’ interdependence upon a single shared trans boundary river basin (Teasley and McKenney, 2011). The management of water resources as a common resource would require trade-off among countries and water users (Yang and Zehnder, 2007). The need therefore to devise means by which available water can be consumed and allocated among the various uses is pertinent.
The planning of human activities involving rivers and their floodplains must consider hydrological facts; (…) the flows and storage volumes vary over space and time (Loucks et al, 2005). The necessity of predicting the hydrological patterns is essential to the reservoir management. The reservoirs have to insure not only the water quality, but also the human, the industrial and the agricultural consumption. Nowadays the environmental concerns such as the aquatic biodiversity and the environmental pressure have an increased influence in the decision-making.
Asa River is one of the major sources of water supply in Kwara state. This study simulates the hydrological process of Asawatershed that allows for the estimation of available water resources, so that sustainable and rational utilization, conservation and management of available water resources will be adopted using Soil and Water Asessment Tool (SWAT) model. The study also proffers alternative strategies for water conservation that will meet water demand within the basin.
