HEALTH EFFECT OF EXHAUST GAS

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TABLE OF CONTENT

CONTENTS                                                                 PAGE

Title Page    –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        i

Certification         –        –        –        –        –        –        –        ii

Dedication –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        iii

Acknowledgements        –        –        –        –        –        –        iv

Table of Contents –        –        –        –        –        –        –        vi

CHAPTER ONE

  1.            INTRODUCTION       –        –        –        –        –        1

CHAPTER TWO

  •           COMPOSITION OF EXHAUST GAS
    •      Exhaust Temperature
    •      Types of Exhaust gas
      • Internal – combustion engines
      • Other types
    • Main motor vehicle emission
      • NOx
      • Volatile Organic Compound
      • Ozone
      • Carbon monoxide
      • Particulate matters

CHAPTER THREE

  •      POLLUTION REDUCTION
    •      Health Effect of exhaust gas
      • Cardiovascular effect
      • Lung disease
      • Cancer


CHAPTER FOUR

  • SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
    •           Summary
    •           Conclusion

References

CHAPTER ONE

  1. INTRODUCTION       

Exhaust gas or flue gas is emitted as a result of the combustion of fuels such as natural gas, gasoline(petrol), diesel fuel, fuel oil, bio-diesel blends,or coal (Omidvarborna, 2014).According to the type of engine, it is discharged in to the atmosphere through an exhaust pipe, flue gas stack, or propelling nozzle. It often disperses downwind in a pattern called an exhaust plume.It is a major component of motor vehicle emissions (and from stationary internal combustion engines).

There is growing international concern regarding the adverse health effects of air pollution. Pollution is becoming an important public health problem and political issue, due to the rapid growth in world population and the increasing world-wide migration from rural to urban areas              (Salvi et al., 1999). Recent United Nations estimates have indicated that 47% of the global population is living in urban areas. This urbanization has brought with it an increased need for transportation and hence an increase in motor vehicle generated air pollutants. However, a large number of epidemiological studies from different parts of the world have consistently identified an association between ambient levels of air particles and various health outcomes, including mortality, exacerbation of asthma, chronic bronchitis, respiratory tract infections, is chaemic heart disease and stroke (Salvi and Holgate, 1999). Indeed, the United Nations Environment Programme has identified particulate matter pollution as the most serious air pollution problem faced by many cities (Yoshino and Sagai, 1999). It is therefore important to evaluate the health effects of motor vehicle generated pollutants in mechanistic studies, in order to understand the relevance of associations found in the epidemiological studies.

Parallel to the increase in air pollution, there has also been a rapid increase in the global incidence of allergic diseases such as asthma and rhinitis in the last twodecades, which cannot be attributed to genetic changes, and is assumed to be related to changes in environmental factors (Salvi et al., 2000). Observations in Japan have sug- gested that children living close to roads with heavy traffic are more likely to develop allergies (Norenhallet al., 2000). Recent epidemiological data support the theory that atopic children may constitute a group of individuals that run a heightened risk of developing negative health effects following exposure to airborne particles (Boezenet al., 1999). The existence of such sensitive subgroups amongst the general population would sec attention for risk assessment. This review has identifiedto deserve particularseveral effects of DEPs on immunological or intflam- matory systems that may potentially have particular relevance for a role of chronic diesel exhaust exposure in the pandemie of allergic disease.

Irrespective of whether or not vehicle generated pollutants contribute to the increased numbers ofsensitized individuals in urban areas, patients with airway diseases such as asthma have been found more adversely affected than the normal population to inhalation of air pollution components (Hobbs and Mauderly, 1999; Rusznaket al.,1998) and in particular acid aerosols (Rudellet al., 1999). Various studies have shown that overall lung deposition is increased in patients with obstructed airways (Prescott et al., 1999; Morgan et al., 1997). For example, a 30% reduction in airway cross-sectional area results in a deposition imcrease in the bifurcating airways of >100% (Rudellet al., 1996; Kim et al., 1998). There is also an interesting case-report of DEPs alone causing asthma (Salvi et al., 1999); three nonsnmok- ing railroad workers, without any previous history of asthma, developed persistent asthma after acute expo- sure to excessiveof DE. Thiswas registered in asituation where two locomotive units were coupled together and the crew riding in the second locomotive unit were exposed for 2-5 h to significant levels of DE.All three subjects developed asthma, which persisted 1-3 yrs after exposure.