ABSTRACT
A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a network consisting of a set of mobile nodes capable of communicating with each other without base station. For Quality of Service (QoS) to be maintained, MANET must run consistently without power interruption. Also, the wireless network situation of MANET had made the QoS unpredictability less guaranteed and highly susceptible to errors.
MANETs are wireless networks that run usually on battery power. The power supplied by the battery is limited and tends to run out after a period of time. This poses a serious challenge for the nodes in MANETs. One major characteristic of the node is availability i.e., it should always be to receive and transmit communication to other nodes. If a node goes down, communication breaks down and the communication is disrupted. The availability of the nodes has an overall impact on the Quality of Service (QoS) that MANETs give. Once the nodes are not available when they are needed or if a node goes down while a communication is going on, thereby affecting the communication, the MANET is said to be unreliable, unpredictable and the QoS is said to be low tries to resolve the power challenge faced when using MANETs. The QoS of MANETs can only improve if the networks are working at their optimal capacity. This research would also cover current solutions for fixing the power problem and their effectiveness and also parts they are failing to address.
This research work proposed an energy efficient QoS enhancement scheme for mobile ad hoc network. The algorithm is inspired by particle swamp optimization technique with heuristic algorithm. QoS parameters that have been taken into consideration are throughput, delay, packet loss, and bandwidth utilisation.OPNET simulator has been used to evaluate the proposed concept.
Simulation results show that the packet increases from 20 to 1500 and the vehicular speed increases from 330v/h to 1300v/h. Hence, this result produces better result than the existing schemes.
The study concluded that three agents, namely message selection agent, message forwarding agent, and QoS factor calculating agent, have been introduced to govern and optimise the whole message transmission scheme. Through this method, a significant improvement in QoS factor can be achieved in comparison with the existing schemes.
Keywords: Mobile Ad Hoc Network, Nodes, Quality of Service(QoS), Hybrid Protocol, Packet loss, delay, loss, jitter, bandwidth, battery power, throughput, OPNET.
ABBREVIATIONS
ABCO Artificial Bee Colony Optimization
ACO Ant Colony Optimization
AODV Adhoc On demand Distance Vector Routing
AOMOV AdhocOn Demand Multipath Distance Vector
AP Access Point
AQEC Adaptive Quorum Based Energy Conserving
ARPA Advanced Research Projects Agency
ARQ Automatic Repeat Request
BREQ Bandwidth Request
BREP Bandwidth Reply
BRP Bandwidth Reservation Protocol
CBR Constant Bit Rate
CBRP Cluster Based Routing Protocol
CGPM Communication Grounded Power Management
CHG Clustered Head Gateway Node
CQPS Consecutive Quorum Based Power Saving Protocol
CSMA Carries Sense Multiple Access
DF Distance Factor
DSDV Destination Sequence Distance Vector
DSR Dynamic Source Routing
EA Energy Aware
ECBRP Efficient Cluster Based Routing Protocol
ECMAC Energy Conserving Medium Access Control
EF Energy Factor
EPAR Efficient Power Aware Routing
EOEDR Extended Optimal Energy Drain Rate
ESSDSR Efficient Energy Saving and Survival DSR
FAR Flow Augmentation Routing
FEC Forward Error Correction
FERA Fair end to end Bandwidth Allocation
FSR Fisheye State Routing
GA Genetic Algorithm
GP Genetic Programming
HARP Hybrid Adhoc Routing Protocol
HQS Hyper Quorum System
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
IP Internet Protocol
NC Network Centrality
NIC Network Interface Card
LAMP Location Aware MAC Protocol
LAN Local Area Network
LARI Location Aided Routing Protocol
LEAR Localized Energy Aware Routing
MAC Medium of Access Control
MANET Mobile Adhoc Network
MDR Minimum Drain Rate
MESDSR Modified Energy Saving Dynamic Source Routing
MTPR Minimum Transmission Power Routing
NCBPE Normalized Current Best Performance
NS-2 Network Simulator-2
ODMRP On Demand Multicast Routing Protocol
OFAA Optimal Fully Adaptive Asynchronous
OLSR Optimized Link State Routing
OMM Online Maximum Minimum
PAMAS Power Aware Multi Access
PBRP Priority Based Bandwidth Reservation Protocol
PDP Partial Dominant Prunning
PE Power Equilibrium
PSO Particle Swarm Optimization
QoS Quality of Service
RF Radio Frequency
RIP Routing Information Protocol
SAGE Semi Automatic Ground Environment
SHARP Sharp Hybrid Adaptive Routing Protocol
SI Swarm Intelligence
SIR Signal to Interference Ratio
SP Signomial Programming
SPPSO Small Population PSO
SVM Static Virtual Machine
TAODV Tactical On Demand Distance Vector
TCP Transmission Control Protocol
TF Traffic Factor
TIRREP Time Interval of RREP
TORA Temporary Ordered Routing Algorithm
VANET Vehicular Adhoc Network
WAN Wide Area Network
WLAN Wireless Local Area Network
WRP Wireless Routing Protocol
ZRP Zone Routing Protocol
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
The Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) is a new network type which caters for the needs of the changing networking needs. It is the adhoc network of mobile devices. It is infrastructure less. Such networks may operate themselves or may be connected to the larger internet. Each device in MANET is free to move in any direction. The devices are being equipped with a router and must thus be in a position to transfer data whenever essential. The connection is, of course, wireless and the network may also be with limited range like LAN instead of connecting to the internet. The protocols to be used in MANET may differ, depending upon the capabilities of the devices, packet drop rate and other factors. There are various types of mobile adhoc networks depending on the location of these devices and the way in which they are used. Some of the popular types are (Attia, 2015):
VANET (Vehicular Ad hoc Network): This is when the devices are used to communicate between vehicles. It may also be used for communication between vehicles and roadside equipment. It can be used to transfer between newly web enabled devices on the road. IMANET: stands for internet based MANET. These are mobile ad hoc networks which link to the gateway device for the internet.
Energy-efficient broadcasting has been an attractive area of research in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) characterized by high mobility and limited battery capacity. Probabilistic and counter-based broadcast methods are the proposed solutions suitable for high-mobility and secure MANET where the knowledge of the updated global/local topology is difficult or impossible to obtain.
In literature(Attia, 2016) several probabilistic and deterministic MANET broadcasting methods have been proposed:
1) Probabilistic methods do not require explicit neighbour information and comprise probability-based flooding, counter-based flooding, and area-based flooding. Probability-based flooding is similar to simple flooding except that nodes rebroadcast messages with probability p. Counter-based flooding exploits the fact that node local density is directed proportional to the number of received packets within a given interval. During a waiting delay, a node counts the number of times it receives the same message and then it decides if the message should be rebroadcasted. In area based flooding, each node selects its farther neighbour to retransmit broadcast messages. These kinds of methods are generally efficient but require the knowledge of the neighbour positions.
