TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page – – – – – – – – i
Certification – – – – – – – ii
Dedication – – – – – – – – iii
Acknowledgements – – – – – – iv
Table of Contents – – – – – – – vi
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION – – – 1
CHAPTER TWO: WATER – – – – – 4
- Physical and Chemical Properties of Water – – 5
- Distribution of Water – – – – – 9
- In the Universe – – – – – – 9
- Water and Planetary habitability – – – 11
- Water Cycle – – – – – – – 12
- Distribution of Water – – – – – 9
CHAPTER THREE: WATER RECOURSES – – 15
- Uses of Water/Industrial Application – – – 16
- Agriculture – – – – – – – 16
- Drinking – – – – – – – 17
- Washing – – – – – – – 18
- Heat Exchange – – – – – – 18
- Transportation – – – – – – 19
- Chemical Uses – – – – – – 20
- Recreation – – – – – – – 21
- Fire consideration – – – – – – 22
- Water Industry – – – – – – 23
- Food industry – – – – – – 24
- Industrial Application – – – – – 25
- Health Benefit of Water – – – – – 26
- Kidney Function – – – – – – 26
- Heart Function – – – – – – 27
- Headache – – – – – – – 28
- Skin – – – – – – – – 29
- Hydration and Chronic disease – – – – 29
- Gastrointestinal function – – – – – 30
CHAPTER FOUR: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 32
- Summary – – – – – – – 32
- Conclusion – – – – – – – 32
References
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Water is essential for life. From the time that primeval species ventured from the oceans to live on land, a major key to survival has been prevention of dehydration. The critical adaptations cross an array of species, including man. Without water, humans can survive only for days. Water comprises from 75% body weight in infants to 55% in elderly and is essential for cellular homeostasis and life.1 Nevertheless there are many unanswered questions about this most essential component of our body and our diet. This review attempts to provide some sense of our current knowledge of water including overall patterns of intake and some factors linked with intake, the complex mechanisms behind water homeostasis, the effects of variation in water intake on health and energy intake, weight, and human performance and functioning.
Recent statements on water requirements have been based on retrospective recall of water intake from food and beverages among healthy non-institutionalized individuals. We provide examples of water intake assessment in populations to clarify the need for experimental studies. Beyond these circumstances of dehydration, we do not truly understand how hydration affects health and well-being, even the impact of water intakes on chronic diseases. Recently, Jéquier and Constant addressed this question based on the human physiology (Jequier and Constant, 2010). We need to know more about the extent that water intake might be important for disease prevention and health promotion.
As we note later, few countries have developed water requirements and those that do base them on weak population-level measures of water intake and urine osmolality (Manz and Wentz, 2005; Nicolaidis, 1998). The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has been recently asked to revise existing recommended intakes of essential substances with a physiological effect including water since this nutrient is essential for life and health (Stookey, 2005).
