PHYSICAL ANALYSIS OF UNDERGROUND WATER FROM IKOT UKPONG IN IKOT ABASI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page

Certification

Dedication

Acknowledgements

Abstract

Table of contents

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     Introduction

1.1     Background of the study

1.2     Aim and Objective

1.3     Scope and limitation

1.4 Definition of Term

CHAPTER TWO

2.0     Literature Reviews

2.1     Groundwater

2.2     Characteristic of Ground water

2.3     Uses of ground water

2.4     Ground water Pollution

2.5     Mechanisms of groundwater pollution

2.6     Sources of groundwater pollution

2.7     Effect of groundwater pollution

2.8     Physical parameters

2.8.1 pH

2.8.2 Dissolved Oxygen

2.8.3 Total Dissolve solid

2.8.4 Total Suspended Solid

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1     Materials

3.2     Method

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0     RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1     Results

4.2     Discussion

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0     SUMMARY, CONCLUSION,

RECOMMENDATION AND REFERENCES

5.1     Summary and Conclusion

5.2     Recommendation

References

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Water covers over 70% of the earth surface and is undoubtedly the most precious natural resource that exists on the earth. Without the seemingly invaluable compound comprised of hydrogen and oxygen, life on the earth would be non-existent. Water is a keyingredient supporting food production, sanitation and rural livelihoods, as well asensuring continuity and functioning of ecosystem. It dictates the pace of settlement and agricultural and industrial development of any society and even in recent time,establishment of any human settlement is usually centered on available source of water supply and in modern time, issue of water has equally taken prominences in globalmatters (Humaira and Jose, 2009).

The distribution of world’s water indicates that only2.5% and 97.5% constitute fresh water and saline water respectively. 2.5% of the world’sfreshwater, surface water and groundwater have 0.4% and 30.1% representation srespectively (Gleic, 1996). Most of the freshwater is locked up in ice caps at the Polarregion. The distribution of world’s water skewed towards saline water dominance whichplaced restriction on its availability for humans, agriculture and industrial uses.Furthermore, more exacerbating was the rapid rise in world’s population that rose to 7.6billion (WPC, 2017). At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the total worldpopulation crossed the threshold of 1 billion people for the first time in the history of theHomo sapiens. Since then, growth rates have been increasing exponentially, reachingstaggeringly high peaks in the 20th century and slowing down a bit thereafter. The totalworld population reached 7 billion just after 2010 and is expected to count 9 billion by2045 (Van, 2015). This population growth revealed unprecedented increase in the last200 years as it took over 200,000 years of human history for the world’s population toreach 1 billion and only 200, years to reach 7 billion. The increase in population and itsattendant problems (depletion of natural resources, environmental degradation, conflicts and wars, lack of adequate food, water, shelter, education and employment, high cost of living and increase in anthropogenic activities) have placed stress on the available globalfresh water leading to water crisis in the world. The “looming water crisis'” is becoming amajor issue on the world agenda for the twenty-first century. The World Water Councilpresented the “World Water Vision” during the Second World Water Forum and Ministerial Conference at The Hague in March 2000 (Cosgrove and Rijsberman, 2000).