ABSTRACT
Inflammation is a complex biological response of vascular tissue to harmful stimuli such as pathogen, damage cells or irritants (Ryan & Majno, 1983). The urgency generated by increased rate of stroke, atherosclerosis attribute due to prolonged use of cyclooxygenase-1 and Cyclooxygenase- 2 inhibitors have accelerated anti-inflammatory drug research over the last decade while synthetic pharmaceutical agents continued to dominate research (Ryan & Majno, 1983). Attention increasingly has been directed to natural products. These are often more affordable and available and sometimes are perceived as more effective than conventional anti- inflammatory drugs. Anti-inflammation was carried out using 12 rats which was divided into three groups of 4 rats each. Group 1 and 2 served as the negative and positive control respectively. Group 3 received 25mg/kg b.w. of the dichloromethane fraction of methanol extract of Crateva adansonii showed significance anti-inflammatory activity when compared with the standard difference used.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page————————-i
Certification—————–ii
Dedication————————.iii
Acknowledgement——————-.iv
Abstract————————–v
Table of Content——————–vi
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction ——————-11.2
Crateva adansonii as a plant———.41.3
Research aim and objectives———.7
CHAPTER TWOLITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Definition of Inflammation———82.1
Characteristics of Inflammation——.82.2
Classes of Inflammation———-92.3
Types of Inflammation———–.102.4
Chemical mediators of Inflammation—-132.4.0
Properties of Mediators———-162.4.1
Histamine—————- 182.4.2
Serotonin (5- Hydroxy tryptamine)—- 212.4.3
Cytokines——————– 242.4.4
Arachidonic acid ————— 302.4.5
Platelet Activating Factor (PAF)—— 342.4.6
Free Radicals————–.362.4.6.1
Nitric Oxide (NO)———— 372.4.6.2
Oxygen-derived free radicals——. 402.4.7.0
Complement system———-. 412.4.7.1
The clotting system/Coagulation system. 452.4.7.2
The Kinin System———–. 482.4.7.3
The fibrinolytic system——— 502.5.0
Anti-Inflammatory agents——–532.5.1
Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS) 532.5.1.0
Mechanism of Action of NSAIDS—-.552.5.2
Steroidal Anti-inflammatory drugs—-58
CHAPTER THREE MATERIAL AND METHODS 3.1
Materials—————— 603.1.1
Equipment/Apparatus used——– 603.1.2
Chemical, Solvents and Reagents——613.1.3
Animals——————–623.2
Methodology——————.633.2.1
Collection and preparation of Plant Materials–633.2.2
Extraction——————-.633.3
Fractionation—————— 643.3.1
Gel Column Chromatography———.643.4.
Identification of Phytochemical groups in the extract—————–. 653.4.1 Preparation of Reagents for phytochemical analysis——————–.653.4.2 Qualitative phytochemical analysis of the Extract—————–.663.5 Thin Layer Chromatography———- 713.6
Anti-inflammatory activity test. ——– 72
CHAPTER FOUR
Result———————–.75
CHAPTER FIVE
Discussion——————— 79
Conclusion——————— 81
References———————.82
Appendixes——————87
CHAPTER TWOLITERATURE REVIEW2.0
Definition of Inflammation———82.1
Characteristics of Inflammation——.82.2
Classes of Inflammation———-92.3
Types of Inflammation———–.102.4
Chemical mediators of Inflammation—-132.4.0
Properties of Mediators———-162.4.1
Histamine—————- 182.4.2
Serotonin (5- Hydroxy tryptamine)—- 212.4.3
Cytokines——————– 242.4.4
Arachidonic acid ————— 302.4.5
Platelet Activating Factor (PAF)—— 342.4.6
Free Radicals————–.362.4.6.1
Nitric Oxide (NO)———— 372.4.6.2
Oxygen-derived free radicals——. 402.4.7.0
Complement system———-. 412.4.7.1
The clotting system/Coagulation system. 452.4.7.2
The Kinin System———–. 482.4.7.3
The fibrinolytic system——— 502.5.0
Anti-Inflammatory agents——–532.5.1
Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS) 532.5.1.0
Mechanism of Action of NSAIDS—-.552.5.2
Steroidal Anti-inflammatory drugs—-58
CHAPTER THREEMATERIAL AND METHODS3.1
Materials—————— 603.1.1
Equipment/Apparatus used——– 603.1.2
Chemical, Solvents and Reagents——613.1.3
Animals——————–623.2
Methodology——————.633.2.1
Collection and preparation of Plant Materials–633.2.2
Extraction——————-.633.3
Fractionation—————— 643.3.1
Gel Column Chromatography———.643.4.
Identification of Phytochemical groups in the extract—————–. 653.4.1 Preparation of Reagents for phytochemical analysis——————–.653.4.2 Qualitative phytochemical analysis of the Extract—————–.663.5
Thin Layer Chromatography———- 713.6
Anti-inflammatory activity test. ——– 72
CHAPTER FOUR
Result———————–.75
CHAPTER FIVE
Discussion——————— 79
Conclusion——————— 81
References———————.82
Appendixes——————87