PHYTOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HARD WATER

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TABLE OF CONTENT

CONTENTS                                                                 PAGE

Title Page    –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        i

Certification         –        –        –        –        –        –        –        ii

Dedication –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        iii

Acknowledgements        –        –        –        –        –        –        iv

Abstract      –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        vi

Table of Contents –        –        –        –        –        –        –       

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     INTRODUCTION

  1.           Background of the Study
    1.           Aim and Objectives of the Study
    1.           Scope and Limitation of the Study
    1.           Definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO

2.0     LITERATURE REVIEW

  • Hard Water
    • Types of Hard Water
      • Permanent Hard Water
      • Temporary Hard Water
    • Health Effect of Hard Water
      • Cardiovascular
      • Cancer
      • Cerebrovascular mortality
      • Alzheimer’s disease
      • Diabetes
      • Kidney Stone
    • Physiochemical Parameters
      • pH
      • Temperature
      • Chemical Oxygen Demand
      • Dissolved Oxygen
      • Alkalinity
      • Carbonate
      • Bicarbonate
      • Biochemical Oxygen Demand
      • Sulphate
      • Chloride

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     MATERIALS AND METHOD

  •      Materials
    • Method

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

  •           Result
    •           Discussion

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0     SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

  •           Summary and .Conclusion
    •           Recommendations

References

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Urbanization expansion has gone far in some State Capitals in Nigeria since the creation of their states. The developmental momentum has reached adjoining contiguous villages in the rural-urban fringe, many of them also being under different Local Government Areas (LGAs) but contiguous with the State Capital (which itself is a distinct LGA) or State Capital territory, which encompasses the State Capital and land areas within delineated distances from the State Capital as urban centre. In Uyo metropolis, urban expansion has engulfed up to 90% of rural-urban fringe by sub urbanization land use within 20 years since its creation, especially in the last decade and two years (1998-2010) (Essien and Akpan, 2013). Suburbanization has penetrated rural-urban fringe to distances between 10 and 20km from the capital and many satellite villages along major transport routes in the States. The suburbanization expansion on land development involves many categories of land use like: Transportation (30.2%), Residences (21.4%), Commercial (17.6%), Institutional (universities, etc) (12.6%), Industrial (8.2%) leaving only 10% available land portion for rural farm holders’ population (Essien and Akpan, 2013). The penetration into contiguous Local Government Areas by suburbanization development are extensive and varies within the recent decade for transportation at 4.79km2 yr-1 , commercial (including borehole development for water vending) at 2.72km2 yr-1 , residential at 2.54 km2 yr-1 , institutional at 1.71 and industrial at 1.25km2 yr-1 , causing undeveloped area to recede at -2.29km2 yr-1 (Essien and Akpan, 2013).

Therefore the effects of urbanization development are highly felt in contiguous areas to Uyo urban, hence the associated pollution diffusion by the cut and filled soil, by traffic flow of transportation vehicles and of earth moving and grading machines, wastewater flow, stagnant puddles of polluted waste water and solid waste movement. The coastal plain sands geology is generally a flat topography such that surface water are far and in between. This leaves the major source of drinking water as well as other water usages to groundwater, especially borehole supply, whichis now upgraded to commercial vending commodity because of the exigency to meet the upsurge of water demand for residential and transiting population due to urbanization effect, which also has pulled in internal migrants from farm households to towns for residence and job-search and employment (Hossain, 2001).