POST ELECTORAL VIOLENCE AND THE THREAT TO NATIONAL PEACE AND SECURITY IN NIGERIA: CASE STUDY OF 2011 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION

POST ELECTORAL VIOLENCE AND THE THREAT TO NATIONAL PEACE AND SECURITY IN NIGERIA: CASE STUDY OF 2011 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION

CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

 

1.1   BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

        People have lived under various forms of government in different countries of the world of which democracy has been adjudged to be the best. This explains the democratic appeal to every human organisation from antiquity. Schumpeter (1952:269), defines democracy as that institutional arrangement for arriving at a political decision in which individual acquire the power to decide by means of a competitive struggles for the people’s votes”. This definition suggest the importance of competitive elections in a democracy.

Bone and Raney (1971:1), posited that “in a democratic nation, periodic election of the executive and legislature constitute the principal institutional devices for making sure that government derives its just powers from the consent of the governed”. Ebegbulem and Adams (2008:245), averred that in any democratic system, elections constitutes the soul of the democratic process.

Election which climax at a successful conduct of a genuine and credible voting, has become an important element in modern democratic system and determines to a considerable extent the level or degree of democratization in any polity. In today’s world, election is serving a great purpose both in war-torn authoritarian as well as democratic societies. It serves as a means of transition from bitter experience of war to civility in former war-torn states. It provides an opportunity for freedom in previous authoritarian regimes and offers citizens the space for free expression as is obtainable today in Egypt, Libya and other parts of the world. It offers the government a unique opportunity for legitimacy and is also a recognized way of building trust in former authoritarian states and also a way to validate negotiated political pacts. (Brown, 2003, Sisk, 2008).

Election serves as a transitory process in a stable democracy and a way of strengthening an already assumed perfect system. It provides a platform for debate, persuasion and common rules for choosing representatives of the people who can serve in the executive, legislature and other institutions of the government. Election is in this sense a critical means of social conflict management through peaceful deliberations and decision-making process in which parties keep to the pre-election promises, and the looser given an opportunity to provide constructive criticism as an opposition or merely wait till the next election period.

On the other hand, because of the freedom associated with election, and the momentum it generates, it thus allow individuals, groups and parties to use words and/or actions that are capable of intimidating, coercing, humiliate or cause even bodily harm to  the electorates. (Aniekwe and Kushie, 2011:8). Moreso, elections provides the space whereby people retain, regain and usurp power, and the space to highlight social differentiation of individuals and party opponents.  Therefore, players tap into the deep vulnerability created by such interact to create violence.

Sisk, (2008), has warned that negative expression of social differentiation is likely to lead to extreme clash between opposition supporters as witnessed in Nigeria and other part of the world. Such tendencies can lead to high scale violence and bring the country to a near level of terrorism and ungovernability.  It can also lead to the proliferation of small arms and light weapons because more often, the machinery for perpetrating electoral violence are mostly unemployed youths who resort to use those arms for other social vices.

Under such circumstance, election in the word of Rebert Dahl (1973) and Przeworski (1991) becomes a mutual security pact that operates with the consistent consent of elites under condition of bound uncertainty. Moreover, Sisk highlights election as two  sides of the same coin providing voice and legitimacy when the process is followed, and all stakeholders adhere to the agreed framework and processes, and also a violence induced factor when on the contrary particularly in fragile state.

In recognition of the immense benefits that comes with democratic government, mostly the enhancement of human dignity, Nigeria embraced democratic governance on May 29, 1999 (marking the birth of the Fourth Republic). However, the task of consolidating the nations democracy seems to be whittle down by electoral malpractice and electoral violence. This muster was considerably responsible for the nation’s previously failed attempt at democratic experience since independence.

Since 1999 to 2011 elections, the Nigerian electoral and political landscape has fallen from par to below par and has moved from violence to greater violence. (Aniekwe and Kushie, 2011). The level and magnitude of electoral violence has risen and the political elites have often converted poverty ridden unemployed Nigerian youths into readymade machinery for the perpetration of the electoral violence. This is however linked partly to the political system and institution that in theory has failed to encourage political participation, and in practice, seen the political elites forming the bulk of the sponsors and perpetrators of electoral violence as the case was in the post electoral violence which erupted in the northern part of Nigeria after the April 16, 2011 presidential election. In the light of the above; the post electoral violence of 2011 Presidential election is viewed as a threat to national peace and security of the country.

 

1.2   STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

        Democratic governance have been adjudge the best form of government ever devise by man. This is due to the immense benefit it brings to the lives of the people. Besides, electoral credibility has been identified as one of the important factors that aid the consolidation of a democratic regime.

However, the Nigerian electoral system has been characterized by electoral violence and other forms of electoral malpractice. The  political Barons (political elites) do not abide by the rules of the game but are out to grab power by all means and as such anything that brings victory is fair. This continuous electoral violence tends to whittle down the citizen confidence in the electoral process as it poses a threat to national peace and security.

 

1.3   OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

This study seeks to achieve the following objectives:

  1. To examine post electoral violence in Nigeria and its impact on national peace and security of the country.
  2. To examine the causes of 2011 post electoral violence in Nigeria
  3. To determine if the problems militating against the smooth conduct of elections in Nigeria are insurmountable.
  4. To make suggestion towards the prevention of future post electoral violence in Nigeria

 

 

 

1.4    RESEARCH QUESTIONS

  1. Does post electoral violence impact negatively on national peace and security in Nigeria?
  2. Was the 2011 post electoral violence in Nigeria caused by political elites?
  3. Are the causes of post electoral violence in Nigeria insurmountable?
  4. What can be done to prevent future occurrence of post electoral violence in Nigeria?

 

1.5    RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

Hi:    if there is a defect in the electoral process, this will adversely lead to the post electoral violence which threatens national peace and security.

Ho:   The defects in the electoral process do not adversely lead to post electoral violence which threatens national peace and security.

Hi:    There is a significant relationship between post electoral violence and the threat to national peace and security.

Ho:   There is no significant relationship between post electoral violence and the threat to national peace and security.

 

1.6   SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

        This study will help broaden our theoretical understanding of the subject matter, as well as contribute new ideas to the stock of existing body of literature. This study will also be of immense benefits to the decision makers as it will offer them a workable suggestion to help resolve the challenges associated with post electoral violence and its threat to national peace and security as experience today in Nigeria.   

        The study will also be of immense importance to the general readers and the upcoming political gladiators by identifying the negatives effects of electoral violence on the society and the economy, as well as stress for the provision of a level playing ground in subsequent elections to guarantee peace and national security and also enhance the consolidation of the nations democratic process.

 

1.7   SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

1.7.1 Scope of the Study: The scope of this study is post electoral violence with emphasis on how it affects national peace and security in Nigeria. The study will look at the historical perspective to electoral and political violence in Nigeria, stages of electoral violence, effect or impact of electoral and political violence in Nigeria, as well as the impacts of political culture on political behaviour in Nigeria.

 

1.7.2 Limitation of the Study: On the course of this study, the following problems were encountered:

  1. Short time frame,

DOWNLOAD COMPLETE PROJECT MATERIAL