Qualitative research for family planning programs in Africa.

The case studies discussed in this paper illustrate the use of information gathered from focus groups and in-depth interviews for developing IEC (information education and communication) materials aimed at changing health attitudes and behavior. The case studies include IEC in Burkina Faso family planning awareness in the Cameroon adolescent outreach in Cote dIvoire print and radio materials in Kenya and songs in Nigeria. Methods for conducting focus groups and in-depth interviews and obstacles encountered are explained in each case. Findings reveal that audience participation in planning of programs is key to the success of IEC activities and family planning programs. Use of focus groups is helpful when speed in reaching people is necessary and trained interviewers are not available. The ideal number of focus groups is 10-12 for small projects. The number is subject to the constraints of time personnel geographic location and money. Analysis may be delayed if the number exceeds 20 groups. Focus groups should represent all relevant demographic sociocultural and economic groups. Ethnic representation is important for national campaigns. Local factors may include number of children contraceptive status socioeconomic status education and employment. Participants should be randomly selected. Participants should not know each other but small village settings may prevent this. The moderators should be trained personnel who can stimulate discussion. Jobs should be clearly defined with money and time commitments understood. Sensitive topics may be addressed better in in-depth interviews. Research aims should be clearly communicated. Tape recording is optional. Reports require qualitative analysis in a timely fashion with user-friendly language which will appeal to a wide audience. Information may be appropriate for new program development evaluation of existing programs or problem identification.