THE RATE OF BLEACHING OF PALM OIL WHITE COAL.
ABSTRACT
This project was carried using activated local form local corporation Enugu, and the rate of bleaching of palm oil using spectrophotometer by measuring the absorbance. It was also performed to check the suitability of local as a bleaching agent for palm oil.
The local from local corporation Enugu was collected and activated with acid (H2S04) before being used for the bleaching process. The bleaching effects of the activated local was compared to that of the unactivated local.
From the results obtained, it was observed that whereas the weight engage of local was used, the average percentage colour reduction of palm oil.
Therefore, the optimum amount of local for bleaching was found to be 10 weight %
It was equally observed that as the temperature increased, the percentage colour reduction of the oil increases. Besides it was equally noticed that the smaller the fastide size of the local sample, the higher the effect of on the oil and the higher the percentage colour reduction.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION REVIEW
SCOPE
CHAPTER TWO
2.0Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1Â Â Â Â Â Â HISTORY OF PALM OIL
2.2Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â CHARACTERISTICS OF PALM OIL
2.3Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â PROPERTIES OF PALM OIL
2.4Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PALM OIL
2.5Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â CATROTENES
2.51Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â FATTY ACIDS
2.71Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â NEUTRALIZATION
2.72Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â BLEACHING
2.73Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â CHEMICAL BLEACHING
2.741Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â AERATION BLEACHING
2.742Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â SOLVENT / ADSORPTION BLEACHING
2.743Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â PREVENTING MEASURES OF PALM OIL
2.6Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â USES OF PALM OIL KERNEL AND PALM KERNEL MEAL
CHAPTER THREE
3.1Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â COAL AND ITS PRICING
3.2Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â CHARACTERISTIC OF COAL
3.3Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â TYPES OF COAL
3.4Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â CLASSIFICATION OF COAL
LOW RANK COAL
HIGHERÂ RANK COAL
3.5Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â PROPERTIES RANK COAL
3.51Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
3.52Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0Â Â Â Â Â Â EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE
4.1Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â MATERIALS
4.2Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â BLEACHING APPARATUS
4.3Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â COAL ACTIVATION
4.4Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â TREATMENT OF PALM OIL
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â EXPERIMENTAL RESULT
5.1Â Â Â Â Â Â EFFECTIVE OF TEMPERATURE ON BLEACHING
PERCENTAGE OF COAL BTY EFFECT FOR BLEACHING
EFFECT OF PARTICLES SIZE OR COLOUR REDUCTION
CHARACTERIZATION OF OIL SAMPLE
CHAPTER SIX
6.1Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â DISCUSSIONÂ Â Â Â Â
6.2Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â CONCLUSION / RECOMMENDATION
6.3Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â REFERENCES
