SMALL-SCALE FISHERIES IN NIGERIA: BENEFITS TO HOUSEHOLDS, THE ROLES OF WOMEN, AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR IMPROVING LIVELIHOODS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Women play a critical role in every link of the value chain in small-scale fisheries, although their best-known roles are in processing and marketing of fish and other fishery products. This perception of the highly gender-segregated division of labour (men fishing/women processing) has shaped the generalized approach in supporting development initiatives for small-scale fisheries. More often than not, this approach targets men as fishers, and women as processors and marketers of fishery products (Bene & Merten, 2008). However, this generalization has also made fisheries governance blind to women’s other valuable inputs to the sector. In fact, their roles can and should go beyond post-harvest and marketing. However, the lack of utilization of their additional contribution has deterred, for example, women’s participation in fisheries resource management and policy decision-making (Arenas & Lentisco, 2011).
Adequate participation of women in small-scale fisheries has been perceived as a factor that will create opportunity for improving livelihood which is of immense benefit to the household in Nigeria. The small-scale fisheries sector is gaining wider international attention, through the development of the Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries in the Context of Food Security and Poverty Eradication (the SSF Guidelines), which were endorsed in 2014 has not been fully implemented in developing countries including Nigeria. Female stakeholders in the fisheries sector were, until recently, invisible in the statistics collected and provided to fisheries managers and policy-makers. In recent times, more literature has been directed to making women’s roles more visible. For example, Williams (2008) and Weeratunge and Snyder (2009) describe the diverse gendered division of labour in fishing communities, and their involvement and importance in fisheries processing and trade.
In the small-scale fisheries, women’s roles are dominant in the post-harvest sector. They process fish products: drying, salting, smoking, making fish balls or fish/shrimp sauce, etc., which they either sell to generate a supplementary income for the family, or use directly for household consumption. Despite the importance of these post-harvest roles and the need to further strengthen them, women’s involvement in fisheries is not only limited to the post-harvest sector. A literature review on the theme of women/gender and fisheries reveal that women can actually be quite active in river and inland, near-shore and subsistence fisheries. In small-scale fishing communities, women are also the main caregivers of the fishing household, responsible for food and nutrition security and, in many cases, responsible for family finances (Williams, 2010). This role should not be underestimated as it places a large burden on women, not only as processors and traders but also as mothers and caregivers for both the young and for older people by providing livelihood opportunity for the family. With this widespread characterization of women as fish processors, traders and caregivers, the approachable way of taking small scale fisheries issues into account has been by targeting women through post-harvest activities and household support.
This generalization of gender roles has resulted in the provision of processing tools and/or credit, and sometimes livelihood diversification support options (rearing livestock, weaving, etc.) to women by government of Nigeria. Such activities can be considered low-conflict, meaning that they do not question strategic gender concerns but only pragmatic concerns (Moser, 1989). They allow women to remain in the socially acceptable female domain of the household and in their “normal” roles of processor and/or marketer. Through women’s greater participation in small scale fisheries, ultimately their needs and priorities are better understood and therefore better represented. In general, women also tend to pay more attention to livelihood needs such as equitable distribution of resources and other matters related to poverty reduction (Gatke, 2008).
