INFLUENCE OF FAMILY SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS, GENDER AND SCHOOL LOCATION ON STUDENTS PERCEPTION OF EXAMINATION
CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION
The phenomenon of corruption is not of recent origin. The origin of corruption has been traced back to the time of the Greek and the Roman empires. Corruption is said to have been so prevalent during these period of time that the governments of those days had to privatize tax collections by auctioning the rights to collect taxes to private citizens (Fashola, 2008). Fashola further stated that the prevalence of corruption in democratic England was also said to account for the professionalization of the civil service in that country in the nineteenth century. Africa, however, come under the eyes of the storm during the post-colonial era when writers and commentators linked the prevalence of corruption in most African countries to the pre-colonial cultural practices, and the weak economic and institutional structures (Fashola, 2009).
Corruption is one of the few social problems that is widespread in Nigeria. By its nature and character, it is destructive, unethical, and could affect the rate of social development, the term corruption covers several immoral acts. It could be abuse of public office for personal gains or any other illegal or immoral acts which a person engages in, for private gains. Corrupt practices in Nigeria context include offer and acceptance of bribe, fraudulent acquisition of property, offer and acceptance of any gratification or inducement, favoritism, nepotism, corrupt enrichment, contract inflation. Examination malpractices, Electoral fraud only to mention but few (Adeniran, 2009).
This study examines corruption from the point of view of examination malpractice. Examination is an academic exercise designed to obtain information about those who are examined. Tyler (1971) and Nunally (1972) defined examination as a standard situation designed to elicit a sample of an individual’s behaviour. Fagbamiye (1998) described examination as a tool for measuring and judging the standard of education in any country. It is believed that no country can rise above the level of her educational standards, no matter the political propaganda or economic manipulation, except such as country fashions out a dynamic educational system matched with valid and reliable testing programmes. In other words, without valid and reliable examinations and results, there can be no national development either socially, economically, scientifically or technologically.
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INFLUENCE OF FAMILY SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS, GENDER AND SCHOOL LOCATION ON STUDENTS PERCEPTION OF EXAMINATION
