CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women globally, with over one million new cases diagnosed annually, resulting in over 400,000 deaths. About 4.4 million women are living with the disease in the world (Oluwatosin and Oladepo, 2011, p.9; Akpo, Akpo, Akhator, 2009, p.2). Breast cancer will continue to pose serious challenge to Nigeria and other developing countries due to seemingly lack of media campaign directed at reducing cancer incidence and mortality (Gotzshe, 2011, p.8; Adika, Joa, Makoro, Yagba- Obariobora, Apiyanteide, 2012, pp.17-23; Irurhe, 2012, pp.1-5; Ntekim, 2009, pp.242; Agarwal, 2011, p. 235). It had been shown that African women, including Nigerians, have low knowledge of the risk factors of breast cancer. Cancer, the generic name for carcinoma is the malignant type of uncontrolled growth of cells and tissues (Lawal and Adesunkanmi, 2008, pp. 107) The risk factors for breast cancer include obesity, lower levels of physical activity, use of hormone replacement therapy, smoking, alcohol and family history, among others. Breast cancer oen appeared as breast lump or bloody nipple discharge (Adebamowo, 2007, P. 4, Gerlach, Marino and Homan-Goetz (2006, pp. 240-244). In the developed countries, most of the breast cancer patients seek for medical attention on time, due to better knowledge of the disease while breast cancer patients in Nigeria report late to hospitals for treatment due to lack of knowledge of the disease. The late report of breast cancer cases in Nigeria had been attributed to lack of national screening programme for breast cancer, lack of knowledge of early detection measures, such as breast self-examination and clinical breast examination. Most studies suggest that breast self- examination was an efficient method of detecting cancerous turmour at an earlier stage, which will lead to higher rate of survival (Gotzshe, 2011,p.8; Akinola, Wright, Osunfidiya, Orogbemi, Akinola, 2011, p.11; Shalinini and Nayak 2011,p.7; Osime, Okojie, Aigbekaen, 2008, pp.192-197 ). Majority of breast cancer patients delay going for medical treatment due to lack of finances.
Scholars agree that media awareness campaigns should be seen as the cornerstone for health communication interventions. This is because of the myriad of communication techniques and channels that could be used to increase awareness and knowledge of health problems and interventions (Kreps & Sivaram, 2009; DeJong, 2010; Obono, 2011). Day (2011) opines that media awareness campaigns “are varied, multifaceted, highly planned and strategically assembled media symphonies designed to increase awareness, inform, or change behavior in target audiences” (p.79). Thus, media awareness campaigns are planned communication techniques that are designed to suit target groups in order to tackle diseases and health challenges that negatively affect individuals in the society. Interestingly, DeJong (2010) argues that media awareness campaigns are also known as information campaigns, which are used to raise awareness of health problems, usually with the intent of motivating people to avoid the problems. Okorie, Oyesomi and Kayode (2014) reasoned that the effective use of media awareness campaigns to promote breast cancer care recognizes the actual and potential roles of the mass media and interpersonal channels. It is also believed that mass media channels have the power to reach and inform large audiences, while interpersonal channels have been more influential in motivating attitudinal change. This study investigates the influence of media awareness campaigns on breast cancer care among women in South-West Nigeria.
The subjects comprised women within the ages of 25 and 50 years, in Lagos, Oyo and Ekiti States. The choice of the group was based on the understanding that women within the age group (25 and 50 years) are the most vulnerable to the disease. Hulka and Moorman (2001) observe “breast cancer incidence is low (less than 10 new cases per 100,000 women) before age 25 and increases up to 100 fold by age 45”(p.104). Thus, it was essential that the researcher make use of women in residential houses to have access to women within the age range of 25 and 50 years.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Cancer is one of the deadly diseases that has threatened the world. According to WHO (2005), about 12.5% of all deaths globally are caused by cancer, with the percentage more than the percentage of deaths caused by HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria put together. The increase in the attacks and deaths of women with breast cancer in Nigeria poses a pertinent question on the effect of breast cancer campaigns on women as regards the poor responses to early presentation of breast cancer. It is in view of the above and given the confirmation of American Cancer Society (2007) that breast cancer deaths remain preventable at the early stage, that the researcher critically evaluated the effectiveness of the media campaign programs on breast cancer, in causing a quick and prompt positive changes of the women in performing their BSE and CBE for the reduction in their mortality rate.
