THE ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN PRIMARY HEALTH CARE SERVICES IN IBIONO IBOM LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, AKWA IBOM STATE
ABSTRACT
This study was undertaken to assess the role of Ibiono Ibom Local Government Area in the implementation of Primary Health Care Services.To ease the work, four objective and corresponding research questions were formulated. Related literatures were reviewed and backed by appropriate theoretical framework based on William Ouchi’s theory Z (quality circles). The descriptive survey design was adopted; then purposive and convenience sampling techniques were used to draw ten (10) health facilities and all sixty-nine (69) professional Health workers respectively for the study. Structured questionnaire was the main instrument for data collection. Findings revealed some PHC roles adequately implemented and others fairly undertaken by the council. Findings also showed that timely awareness was created in people on available PHC services via appropriate media. Challenges to PHC implementation were also identified. Hence, four strategies including controlling political instability, building more PHC facilities, increased budgetary allocation and recruitment of skilled staff were highlighted to enhance PHC implementation. Therefore, it was recommended among others that aggressive and intensive health Education campaigns be floated to enhance people’s awareness on primary health care services in the study area.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
Title Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Abstract v
Table of Contents vi
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
- Background Of The Study 1
- Statement of the Problem 3
- Aims And Objectives Of The Study 4
- Research Questions 4
- Research Hypotheses 4
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Introduction 7
2.1 Literature Review 7
2.2 Empirical Review 8
2.2.1 The role of local government in primary health care services 10
2.2.2 Level of awareness on existence of primary health care facilities / services 13
2.2.3 Challenges in the implementation of primary health care services 1
2.2.4 Strategies to enhance primary health care services 18
2.3 Summary of Literature Review 20
CHAPTER THREE MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.0 Introduction 22
3.1 Participants / Population 22
3.2 Study Area 22
3.3 Sampling Techniques 23
3.4 Data Collection Source 23
3.5 Instrument 23
3.6 Research Design 23
3.7 Research Procedure 24
3.8 Data Analysis Techniques 24
CHAPTER FOUR RESULT ANALYSIS
4.0 Introduction 25
4.1 Tabular presentation and analyses of Result 25
4.2 Summary of Findings 30
CHAPTER FIVE DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- Introduction 31
- Discussion of Findings 31
5.2 Implication of the Study 34
5.3 Limitations of the Study 34
5.4 Conclusion 34
5.5 Recommendations 35
5.6 Suggestionsfor Further Studies 36
References 37
Appendix 39
2.1.1 Scientific Classification 3
2.2 Description 3
2.3 Ecology 4
2.3.1 Habitat 4
2.3.2 Taxonomy 5
2.3.3 Phylogeny 5
2.3.4 Cuisines 4 Bioactive substances 6
2.4.1 Saponins 6
2.4.2 Flavonoids 6
2.4.3 Tannins 7
2.4.4 Alkaloids 9
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Collection and Identification of OysterMushroom Materials11
3.2 Preparation of Wild Oyster Mushroom Materials 11
3.3 Preparation of Alcoholic Mushroom Extract 11
3.4 Phytochemical Screening 12
3.4.1 Test for Alkaloid 12
3.4.2 Test for Glycoside 12
3.4.3 Test for Saponins 12
3.4.4 Test for Tannins 13
3.4.5 Test for Reducing Compounds 13
3.4.6 Test for Flavonoids 13
3.4.7 Test for Polyphenol 13
3.4.8 Test for Phelobatanin 13
3.4.9 Test for HydroxymethylAntheraquin 13
3.4.10 Test for Anthraquinones 14
3.5 Quantitative Analysis
3.5.1 Determination of Saponin 14
3.5.2 Determination of Alkaloid 14
3.5.3 Determination of Flavonoids 15
3.5.4 Determination of Sugar Content 15
3.5.5 Determination of Glycosides 16
3.5.6 Determination of Polyphenol Content 16
3.6 Estimation of Mineral Elements
3.6.1 Preparation of Samples 17
3.6.2 Zinc 18
3.6.3 Iron 19
3.7.0 Determination of Vitamins
3.7.1 Determination of Vitamins A 19
3.7.2 Determination of Vitamin C 19
3.7.3 Determination of Riboflavin 21
3.7.4 Determination of Thiamine 22
3.7.5 Determination of Niacin 22
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULT23
CHAPTER FIVE:
5.1 Discussion27
5.2 Summary 28
5.3 Conclusion and Recommendation28
REFFERENCES
APPENDICES
LIST OF TABLE
Table Title Page
- Phytochemical screening of wild oyster mushroom 23
- Proximate of wild oyster mushroom (g/100g dry weight) 24
- Level of anti-nutrients in wild oyster mushroom 24
- Element composition of wild oyster mushroom (mg/100g dry weight) 25
- Determination of Vitamin in wild oyster mushroom 25
- Quantitative estimation of wild oyster mushroom (mg%100g dry weight)26
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The concept of Primary Health Care (PHC) was formulated by 134 Countries at a meeting in Alma Ata on 12th September 1978 to offset the idea of “Health for All by the year 2000’’; as initiated by Dr Halfdam Mahler a former Director-General of World Health Organization (WHO) in search for improved health globally. The conference was organized under the auspices of the world Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children fund (UNICEF)with the aim that PHC shall provide general health services of preventive, promotive, curative and rehabilitative nature to the population –as the entre point of the health care system. The Alma Ata Declaration stressed health as a fundamental human right and stated that health care must be accessible, affordable and socially relevant to meet the needs of the people.
The conference also identified PHC as the strategy for achieving health for all by the year 2000 with the following components: health education,nutrition and food supply, water and sanitation, immunization, maternal and child health including family planning, control of endemic diseases, treatment of common ailments and essential drug supply. However, countries were free to add to the list based on their individual experiences, and Nigeria added two more components namely – mental health and oral health. And the PHC strategy was based on five principles as follows: universal coverage, community participation, use of appropriate technology, intersectoral collaboration for health and focus on prevention.
Meanwhile, PHC forms an integral part of the Nigerian social and economic development; and is the first level contact of the individual and the community in the national health system. Thus, bringing health care as close as possible to where people live and work and contributes the first element of a continuing health care process (Akinsola,1993).And in the 1999 constitution of the federal republic of Nigeria, health is on the concurrent legislative list; by implication the three tiers of government are vested with the responsibilities of promoting health.
THE ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN PRIMARY HEALTH CARE SERVICES IN IBIONO IBOM LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, AKWA IBOM STATE
