ABSTRCT
This project aimed purposely at the production of topographic plan of Government technical college idah Kogi State. The following surveying methods are carried out to achieve this project. A reconnaissance surveying of the area to be survey was carried out before other topographical surveying method was carried out total station traversing for coordinating of the station was carried out leveling which is purposely aimed at determining the deference in spot height after which the topographical map was produced at the scale of 1:5,000, this plan would be immense value as would be suit for the designing and planning of the infrastructural developing of the study area such as roads, building a clear image of the surface of the ground, topographical. Conventionally should land configuration by means of contour lines.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of Content
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Aim Of The Study
Objective Of The Studies
Significant Of The Project
Limitation Of The Study
Scope Of The Study
Study Area
Date And Duration Of The Project
Project Order And Specification
Level Pf Participation
CHAPTER TWO: PROJECT PLANNING
2.1 Data Search
2.2 Instrument Test
2.3 Instrumentation
2.4 Temporary Adjustment
2.6 Field Reconnaissance
2.7 Verification of Controls (In Situ Check)
2.8 Computation of Data from Coordinate Values
2.9 Selection of Station
2.10 Documentation
2.11 Data Sources
2.12 Secondary Data Source
2.13 Primary Data Source
CHAPTER THREE: DATA ACQUISITION
3.1 Spatial Data Acquisition
3.2 Total Station Traversing By Direct Coordination Technique.
3.3 Spot Heightening: The Procedures Were:
3.4 Detailing
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PROCESSING
4.1 Forward Computation
4.2 Back Computation
4.3 Area Computation
4.4 Abstraction of Data
4.5 Analysis of Result
4.6.1 Analysis of Linear Errors
4.6.2 Analysis of Elevation Closure
4.6.3 Analysis of Linear Accuracy
4.7 Map Production
CHAPTER FIVE: PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED, PRECAULTION TAKEN RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION
5.1 Problem Encountered
5.2 Precaution Taken
5.3 Recommendation
5.4 Conclusion
References
Appendices
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
The origin of topography comes from “topo” for “place” and graphic for “writing” its closely related to geology and surveying which are concerned with accurately the land surface. And it’s also closely tied to geography and mapping system the GIS,
Evaluation is the distinguishing factor for topography maps. In GIS, we use digital elevation model for terrain. Ten out of ten topography maps shows contour lines which are just lines of equal elevation. The narrow definition of topography is specific to the arrangement of land forms.
But in a loader sense, it incorporates natural and artificial features. For example:
Topography maps often tie in administrative boundaries, cities, hydrographic parks, transportation and buildings, contour lines (Iso-lines) connect points of equal elevation by reading contours. We interpret height slope and shape in topography maps.
If contours are close together the slop is steep. But when contours are spread apart the slope is more gradual. We use contours for mountains valleys and bathymetry. For example, Mount Fuji stands at 3,776 meter spacing each contour lines represents equal elevations. Almost at the place of mountain Fuji. It is a 3750 meter contour line.
There is no “World Authority” in topography mapping instead each country set their mapping agency designs their own topography maps with a specific goal in mind. For example constructing a meal high way might drive a topographic ma to feature wood land cover, soil types or rock classification along the route, overtime topographic map series often het periodic updates, but the true is that they can be complex and take years to create. In the United States, the first USGS topographic map was surveyed in 1892.
Since then, map revision have continued for over 125+ years. The USGS procedure topo maps at 1:250,000, 1:100,000, 1:63, 360, 000 and 1:24,000. The most common is the 7:5 minute quadrangle series where one inch in the map representing 24,000 inches on the ground.
Another good example of topographic map is the USGS topes fug of time and terrain this colorful map, its overlays topography (hill shade) with understanding rock formations. This helps unravel the geologic history of the continent such as mountain building events.
Topography Application and Uses
Topography maps show how rivers flow, how high mountain rise and how steep valleys descend. They lay out the land such as in these examples.
Engineering use topographic maps to plan a road, construct a called tower or plan a hydro electric dam.
Geologist Use Topography to Understand telboric activity . Land forms and where to dig a mine
Hackers use topographic map to fund trials and steepness of slope to plan their ascent.
Astronomers study the topography outside earth like on the moon, mars or an as steroid climate scientist tie topography into climate models to recognize air and water-flow. As landscapes evolve and technology advances topographers face an uphill battle for accuracy and completeness
AIM OF THE STUDY
This study aims of carrying out a topographic survey of government technical college Idah Kogi State.
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDIES
This study is out to archive the following objectives
Reconstitute a sight in synthesized image of the ground.
Determine of trajectory of over flight of the ground.
Calculate surface or volumes.
Trace topographic profile.
