SCREENING FOR VANCOMYCIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AMONG PATIENTS ATTENDING HOSPITALS IN SAMARU, ZARIA- NIGERIA.
ABSTRACT
This study investigated the susceptibility of S.aureus to Vancomycin and other antibiotics used for the treatment of patients attending Hospitals in Samaru. A total of 400 samples comprising urine (250), wound (75) and pus swab (75) were analysed. The clinical samples yielded a prevalence of 71 (17.80%) of S.aureus by conventional method and confirmed with microgen analytical test kit.Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates was tested by disc diffusion method. There was a higher prevalence of S.aureus from in-patient than out-patient. The highest frequency of S.aureus was found in age group (0-9 years). The S. aureus strains showed a 100.00% susceptibility to vancomycin and gentamicin but showed resistance to ampicillin (90.10%), chloramphenicol (12.70%), erythromycin (28.20%), cefoxitin (33.80%), tetracycline(14.10%), and linezolid (9.90%). In this study, the MIC of Ampicillin againstS.aureus ranged from 3.91 µg/ml to 62.50µg/ml, Tetracycline ranged 15.63-31.25µg/ml, Cefoxitin ranged from 7.81µg/ml to 62.50µg/ml, Chloramphenicol ranged from 3.91-31.25µg/ml and Erythromycin ranged from 3.91-15.63µg/ml. While the MBC of Ampicillin against S.aureus ranged from 7.81-125.00µg/ml, Tetracycline ranged from 31.25-62.50µg/ml, Cefoxitin ranged from 15.63-125.00µg/ml, Chloramphenicol ranged from 7.81-62.50µg/ml and Erythromycin ranged from 7.81-31.25µg/ml. The study showed that a significant percentage of the isolates were resistant to different antibiotics used suggesting the need for control strategies to avoid dissemination of resistant strains.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0Â INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the study
Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus)continues to be a major cause of community-acquired and healthcare related infections around the world (Lowy, 1998). Staphylococcus aureus has the ability to cause diverse array of diseases ranging from minor infection to life threatening septicaemia and its ability to adapt to adverse environmental conditions (Franklin,2003). The emergence of high levels of penicillin resistance followed by the development and spread of strains resistant to the semi-synthetic penicillins (methicillin, oxacillin and nafcillin), macrolides, tetracyclines and aminoglycosides has made the therapy of staphylococcal disease a global challenge (Lowy, 1998; Saderi et al., 2005).
In the 1980s, due to the widespread occurrence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), empiric therapy of the infections (particularly nosocomial sepsis) was changed to vancomycin in many countries which also increased during this period because of the growing number of infections with Clostridium difficile and coagulase-negative Staphylococci in healthcare facilities (Saderi et al., 2005). Thus, the early 1990s saw a discernible increase in vancomycin use. As a consequence, selective pressure was established that eventually led to the emergence of strains of S. aureus and other species of staphylococci with decreased susceptibility to vancomycin reported from Japan (Hiramatsu et al., 1997; Saderi et al., 2005).
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SCREENING FOR VANCOMYCIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AMONG PATIENTS ATTENDING HOSPITALS IN SAMARU, ZARIA- NIGERIA.
