IN VITRO AND IN VIVO ANTICOCCIDIAL ACTIVITIES OF EXTRACTS OF KHAYA SENEGALENSIS (DESR. A. JUSS.) AGAINST EIMERIA TENELLA IN BROILER CHICKENS
Chapter One
1.0 Introduction
Coccidiosis is one of the most detrimental and lethal management diseases of poultry (Gyorke et al., 2013; Khan et al., 2008). Chickens are susceptible to at least nine (9) species of Coccidia (but only five are pathogenic) (Jordan, 1990). The most common and pathogenic species are Eimeria tenella which causes caecal coccidiosis and Eimeria necatrix (Gyorke et al., 2013), while Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria maxima cause chronic intestinal coccidiosis (Chandrakesan et al., 2009). The disease may be acute or chronic (Takagi et al., 2006) and is associated with haemorrhagic diarrhoea, emaciation, growth retardation and sometimes death (Takagi et al., 2006). Birds of any age may be affected but problems are not common in chicks under two weeks of age (Wright, 2005).
Poultry keeping is the dorminant form of livestock production in developing countries (Numan et al.,2005). In Nigeria, the rising cost of poultry feeds, problems of drug residues and incubial resistance to diseases have become major problems militating against the poultry industry (Ogbe et al., 2008). Porter (1998) estimated that feed for poultry comprise roughly 66 % of the total production costs for layer, broiler chickens or turkeys. In addition, severe enteric damage by bacterial infection will cause overt illness and high mortality in a poultry flock (Elmulsharaf et al., 2006). Coccidiosis has remained the most important poultry disease in Nigeria (Obasi et al., 2006). Lawal et al. (2008) showed that the infection can occur in both local chickens and exotic birds with the former serving mainly as reservoir hosts. Management systems (deep litter, cage and free range) have also been shown to be of no barriers to the occurrence of avian coccidiosis in Zaria (Lawal et al., 2001). The disease causes considerable economic losses in both the layer and broiler industries (Al-Quraishy et al., 2009; Chandrakesan et al., 2009; Yin et al., 2013).
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IN VITRO AND IN VIVO ANTICOCCIDIAL ACTIVITIES OF EXTRACTS OF KHAYA SENEGALENSIS (DESR. A. JUSS.) AGAINST EIMERIA TENELLA IN BROILER CHICKENS
