WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM IN LAGOS: A MODERN SYSTEM OF GARBAGE DUMPING/DISPOSAL
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1Â Â Â Â Background to Study
Lane and Peto (1995) and Williams (1995) assert that the historical development of waste treatment and disposal has been motivated by concern for public health. The industrial revolution between 1750 and 1850 led to many people moving from rural areas to the cities, a massive expansion of the population living in towns and cities, and a consequent increase in the volume of waste arising. The increase in production of domestic waste was merged by increases in industrial waste from the burgeoning new life scale manufacturing processes. The waste generated contained a range of materials such as broken glass, raw steel metal, food residue and human waste, and was dangerous to human health. In addition, it attracted flies, rats and other vermin, which in turn posed potential threat through the transfer of diseases. This leads to an increasing awareness of the link between public health and the environment.
In order to deal with these potential threats to human health, legislation was introduced on a local and national basis in many countries. For instance in the united kingdom throughout the latter half of the nineteenth century, a series of Nuisance Removal and Desist Prevention Acts were introduced which empowered local authorities to set up teams of inspectors to deal with offensive traits and control pollution within city limits. In the United States of America, early legislature included the 1795 law introduced by the corporation of Georgetown, Washington, DC, which prohibited waste disposal on the streets and introduced the requirement for individuals to remove waste themselves or hire private contractors. By 1856, Washington had a city- wide waste collection system supported by taxes. By 1915, 50% of all major US cities provided a waste collection system, and this figure has risen to 100% by 1930{NEAL AND SCHUBUL 1987: McBean et al 1995}. This trend spread to other part of the world particularly the developed world.
Following the 2nd world war waste treatment and disposal was not seen as a priority environmental issue by the general public and legislature, and little was done to regulate the disposal of waste. But, a series of incidents in the late 1960’s and 1970’s alighted waste as a potential major source of environmental pollution. Then series of toxic chemical waste dumping incidents led to increasing awareness of the importance of waste management and the need for a more stringent legislative control of waste. Today in UK, USA, and Australia and even in South Africa majority of waste is disposed of in land fill sites. The modern sites are well designed, constructed and managed, and many have energy recovery utilisation of the derived land fill gas. While land fill remains the major option for waste disposal in the UK, and some parts of USA and Canada, increasing regulation has placed tighter controls on leachate and land fill gas treatment, monitoring and care after site, with a consequent increase in disposal costs. Other new developments in land fill design and operation have resulted in the concept of the flushing bio reactor land fill, which circulates the leachate to increase the rate of waste degradation. The combustion of land fill gas to produce energy in the form of elasticity or power generation or district heating has now become the norm for modern land fill. Incineration has either been in decrease as a waste disposal option. But recently, incinerators have been constructed, are under construction or in the planning stage. The incineration of waste with energy recovery fear either elasticity generation or district heating has beendeveloped in the 1990‟s to become an economic viability comparable to land fill. Several industrial waste, sewage sludge and clinical waste incinerator projects were initiated during the 1980‟s and 1990‟s. These incinerators tend to have smaller through puts of waste, and because of the higher cost of disposal of these types of waste are cost effective compared with other forms of disposal. In many cases, the type of waste indicates that incineration is not only the most economic option, but also the best practicable environmental option.
Incidentally, the schemes for mere collection, evacuation and disposal of wastes have not been sufficient, realistic or effective in most cities and towns particularly of the Third World Countries, (Uchegbu, 1998 and Pamham and Rispin 2001). Thus, the entire landscape is fast becoming refuse web and the situations are getting worse by the day (Wilikin, 2002): Wastes are often widely indiscriminately dumped on virtually every available space in residential neighbourhood, along streets and roads, on highways, beside and around houses, markets, hospitals, schools and offices, etc. It is attempt to be modest that made a few individuals and organisations gather wastes in their compounds and around their premises and commission registered Waste Disposal Companies to collect and dump in the landfills. Some of such landfills in Lagos Metropolis are at Ojota, LASU Road, Oke-Ode, and Oke-Afa.
Generally for Nigeria, as far back as 1989, Onibokun asserts that 35% of Ibadan metropolitan household, 33% of Kaduna city and 44% of Enugu built-up areas lack access to waste collection and management machineries. 20 years after, the situations seemingly appear to remain the same and even worse in the cities and towns of the country, (Olumide, 2008).
