EFFECT OF A COMBINED TREATMENT OF VITAMIN C AND LOPERAMIDE ON INTESTINAL SODIUM AND POTASSIUM ION ATPASE, ALKALINE PHOSPHATE AND LIPID PEROXIDATION ON CASTOR OIL INDUCED DIARRHOEAL WISTAR RATS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page

Certification

Dedication

Acknowledgments

Abstract

Table of Contents

List of Tables

List of Figures

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1. Background of the study
   1. Statement of Research Problem
   1. Justification of the Study
   1. Scope of Study

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Diarrhoea

2.1.1 Types of Diarrhoea

2.1.2 Symptoms of Diarrhoea

2.1.3 Causes of Diarrhoea

2.1.4 Prevention of Diarrhoea

2.1.5 Treatment of Diarrhoea

2.1.6 Health Effects of Diarrhoea

2.2 Castor Oil

2.2.1 Composition of Castor Oil

2.2.2 Mechanism of Diarrhoeal Induction by Castor oil

2.3 Vitamins

2.3.2       Importance of Vitamins

2.3.3       Vitamin C

2.3.4 Role of Vitamin C in the Treatment of Diarrhoea

2.4 Loperamide

2.4.1 Chemical and Physical Properties of Drug

2.4.2 Mechanism of Action of Drug   

2.4.3 Medical Uses of Loperamide

2.4.4 Side Effects of Drugs

2.5 Sodium Potassium Adenosine triphosphate (Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase)

2.5.1 Functions of Enzyme

2.5.2 Mechanism of Action

2.5.3 Regulation of Enzyme Activity

2.5.4 Role of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase in Diarrhoea

2.6 Alkaline Phosphatase

2.6.1 Structure and properties of enzyme 

2.6.2 Physiology of Alkaline Phosphate

2.6.3 Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) Level Test

2.6.4 Role of Alkaline Phosphatase in Diarrhoea

2.7 Lipid Peroxidation

2.7.1 Mechanism of Lipid Peroxidation

2.7.2 Hazards of Lipid Peroxidation

2.7.3 Lipid Peroxidation Tests

2.7.4 Lipid Peroxidation and Diarrhoea

CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1  Materials

3.1.1 Experimental Animals  

3.1.2       Apparatus

3.1.3 Chemicals

3.1.4 Source of the Drugs

3.2 Methods

3.2.1 Preparation of Dugs

3.2.2 Induction of Diarrhoea

3.2.3 Experimental design

3.2.4       Sacrifice of the Animals

3.2.5 Collection of Samples

3.2.6 Measurement of body weight  

3.3  Estimation of Enzyme activities

3.4 Lipid Peroxidation Test

3.5 Statistical Analysis

Chapter four: results

4.1 Effects of Treatment on Body Weight 

4.2 Effects of Treatment on Enzyme Activities

4.2.1 Effects of Treatment on Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase activity

4.2.2 Effects of Treatment on Alkaline Phosphatase activity

4.3 Effects of Treatment on Lipid Peroxidation 

CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

5.1 Discussion

5.2 Conclusion

REFERENCES

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