TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE i
CERTIFICATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
TABLE OF CONTENT v
ABSTRACT vii
1.0 CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Antibiotic : Classification and side effect. 2
1.2.1 Classification of Antibiotics 2
1.2.2 Side effect of Antibiotic 3
1.3 Flagyl (Metronidazole) 4
1.3.1 Mechanism of action 4
1.3.2 Resistance 5
1.3.3 Spectrum Activity of metronidazole. 5
1.3.4 Pharmacokinetic of Metronidazole 6
1.3.5 Toxicity of Metronidazole 6
1.3.6 Half-life of Metronidazole 7
1.3.7 Topical Administering of Metronidazole 7
1.4 Metal Complexes 8
1.5 Properties of Ligands 8
1.6 Properties of Nickel, Biological importance and Toxicity. 9
1.7 Properties of Iron, Biological importance and Toxicity 10
1.8 Properties of Cobalt, Biological importance and Toxicity 10
1.9 Properties of Manganese, Biological importance and Toxicity 11
1.10 Aim of the project 12
2.0 CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Apparatus, reagents and experiments 13
2.1 Flagyl Fe(ii) complex formation 15
2.3 Flagyl Co(ii) complex formation 15
2.3 Flagyl Ni(ii) complex formation 16
2.4 Flagyl Mn(ii) complex formation 16
2.5 Characterization 17
2.6 Melting point determination 17
2.7 Atomic Absorption Spectra 18
3.0 CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Result of flagyl Fe(ii) complex formation 19
3.2 Result of flagyl Co(ii) complex formation 19
3.3 Result of flagyl Mn(ii) complex formation 19
3.4 Result of flagyl Ni(ii) complex formation 19
3.5 Result of solubility test 20
3.6 Result of melting point determination 20
3.7 Result of Atomic Absorption Spectra (AAS) 21
4.0 CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Conclusion and Recommendation 22
4.2 References 23
ABSTRACT
Metronidazole (flagyl) metal complexes were prepared from the reactions of metronidazole (flagyl) and FeS04.7H20, NiCO3.7H2O, MnSO4.7H2O and CoSO4.H2O. The complexes were characterized using physical properties such as melting point determination; solubility and Atomic Absorption spectra (AAS), the result obtained from each property showed that the drug metal complexes were more effective and powerful than the parent drug.
CHAPTER ONE
1.l INTRODUCTION
Antibiotics belong to a class of compounds of biosynthetic or semi-synthetic in nature. Most of them are produced by various species of microorganisms and other living synthetic and are capable in small concentrations of inhibiting the growth of or killing bacteria and other micro-organisms. An extensive review on the metal complexes of various antibiotics was published (1) It includes complexes of tetracycline and bleomycin, valinomycin, beauverian and otherenniatins, gramicidins, nactins, lasalcid, monensin, calcimycinand related antibiotics D-eycloserine and related aminoacids with antibiotics properties and iron-containing antibiotics.
Chlorotetracycline
(aureomucin) and oxytetracycline (terramycin) were shown to have high affinity
for the cations of heavy metals, the acidity of terracycline towards first row
transition metals ions and the corresponding stability constants of the metal
complexes have been reported. The stoichiometeries and concentrations of the
different metal complexes formed by tetracyclines in vivo could be assessed on
a quantitative basis by using high speed.(2) Thiadiazole derivates
have been reported to be biologically versatile compounds, possessing antiviral,
anti-bacterial, anti-pyretic, antifungicidal and analgesic activities.
Complexes of 4-acetyl-2-(ace- tylamino)-5-dimethyl- 2-l,
3, 4-thiadiazole with cadmium, mercury and first row transition metals have
been described.
1.2 ANTIBIOTICS -.CLASSIFICATION AND SIDE EFFECT
An antibiotics are drugs that kills or slow down the growth of bacterial, antibiotics are one class of antimicrobials, a large group which also include anti-viral, anti-fungal and anti-parasitic drug. Antibiotics are chemicals produced by or derived from microorganism (i.e bugs, germs such as bacteria and fungi), the first antibiotics was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928 in significant breakthrough for medical science.(3)
Antibiotics are among the most frequently prescribed medications in modern medicine , some antibiotics are bactericidal meaning that they work by killing bacteria ,other antibiotics are bacteriostatic meaning that they work by stopping bacteria multiplying each different type of antibiotics affect different bacteria in different ways for example an antibiotics might inhibit a bacterium ability to turn glucose into energy or it ability to construct its cell wall when this happens the bacterium dies instead of reproducing.
