A PROJECTION REPORT ON THE EFFECT OF GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES (SHAPE) ON THE STRENGTH OF INTERLOCKING PAVING STONE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page                                                                                 i

Certificate                                                                        ii

Dedication                                                                       iii

Acknowledgment                                                             iv

Table of Contents                                                             vi

List of Tables                                                                   ix

List of Figures                                                                  x

List of Plates                                                                    xi

Abstract                                                                           xii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1   Introduction                                                             1

1.2   Aims and Objective of the Project                            3

1.3   Justification of the Study                                         4

1.4   Scope of the Project                                                         4

1.5   Proposed Methodology                                             5

CHAPTER TWO:

2.0.  Literature Review 

 2.1  Preamble                                                                  6

2.2   Structure of Interlocking Paving Blacks                   7

2.3   Various shapes of Interlocking Paving Blocks          10

2.4   Laying Patterns                                                        13

 2.5  Manufacturing of Interlocking Paving Blocks           16

2.6   Materials Involved                                                   17

2.6.1        Granite (Stone Dust)                                               17

2.6.2        Cement                                                                   18

2.6.3 Interlocking Stone Treatment after Production               20

2.6.4 Water                                                                      20

CHAPTER THREE

• Procurement of the material components                        22
  • Equipment used in interlocking paving stone

        production                                                               22

• Mix Ratio                                                                23
  • Determination of the Quantities of Materials           24
  • Sieve Analysis  of the Material                                         24
  • Experimental Tests                                                  25

3.6.1 Compressive strength test                                       25

3.6.2        Flexural Strength Test                                            26

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0.  Analysis of Result and Discussion                           29

4.1.  Material Tests Performed on the Materials and

Samples                                                                           29

4.2.  Material Tests                                                          29

4.3.  Determination of Quantity of Materials                   30

CHAPTER FIVE:

5.0.   Conclusions and Recommendations                                    38

• Conclusions                                                             38
  • Recommendation                                                     39

References                                                               40

LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1: Composition of Constituent Material Per

Each Shape                                                     32

Table 4.2: Sieve Analysis Result for Quarry Dust             33

Table 4.3: A Compressive strength result for the interlocking

paving stones                                                     34

Table 4.4: Flexural strength properties of interlocking paving

blocks produced in laboratory                                    35

Table 4.5: Showing Flexural Strength properties of interlocking

paving blocks produced in laboratory                       35

Table 4.6: Showing Flexural strength properties of interlocking

paving blocks produced in laboratory                        36

Table: 4.7: Showing Flexural strength properties of interlocking

paving blocks produced in laboratory                        36

Table: 4.8: Showing Flexural strength properties of interlocking

paving blocks produced in laboratory                       37

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig 2.1a:   Small element pavement structure                  8

Fig 2.1b:  Load spreading in the small element top

layer through shear forces in the joints           8

Fig 2.3a:   Categories of Block shapes                              11

Fig 2.4a:   Types of laying patterns for concrete tiles                14

Fig 2.4b:  Types of laying patterns for burnt clay bricks

and concrete blocks                                                16

Fig 4.1:    Particle size distribution for quarry dust          43

LIST OF PLATES

Plate 1: Bubble Glover Interlock Tiles

Plate 2: Didalo Interlock Tiles

Plate 3: Double T Interlock Tiles

Plate 4: 3 Star Interlock Tiles

Plate 5: Land Roman Interlock Tiles

Plate 6A:  Crushing of the materials in progress

Plate 6B: Crushing of the materials 

ABSTRACT

        Interlocking paving stone is a good surface material produce as a result of mixture of aggregate to produce a good workability surface.

        This research work investigates on how the shapes affect the strength after production. The materials used include cement, sharp sand, quarry dust or granite dust and water.

        The structural engineering properties investigated include compressive strength, flexural strength of each types of interlocking paving stone produced that is 3 Star, Double T, Land Roman, Bubble Glover and Didalo tiles respectively. The mix ratio of each stone was also investigated as well as the rate of crushing of the paving stone were noted.   

        So, from the observation made from this project the average strength of the interlocking paving stone was found to be 5.7gN/mm² and the highest strength received was found to be that of Bubble glover with a maximum strength of (6.39 N/mm²). While that of Double T (5.59N/mm²), 3 Star (5.39N/mm²), Land Roman (5.30N/mm²) and Digalo (5.19N/mm²)     

CHAPTER ONE

1. Introduction

Researchers have work on various materials for paving and method of pavement construction that will provide adequate support for traffic load with minimum construction cost and maintenance. The concept of interlocking stone pavers dated back over 200years ago to the Roman empire where over 800,000km of roads were built using interlocking paving blocks. The roman developed a simple system for building roads some of the roads are still in use today. The roads were constructed with a well compacted base of lime and gravel covered with a tight fitting cut stone which produced an excellent and economical roadway that remained virtually maintenance free in all types of weather (Wilford, 1994).

The elements are laid directly on a bedding sand layer with edge restraints to allow block layer to develop limited load spreading capacity to keep bond together at great mass and strength (Wilford, 1994).

Investigation has not been intensified on the use of paving stone for pavement unlike surface dressed concrete pavement structures. The potential of different types of paving stone for pavement structure used as car park or foot paths.

In developing countries paving stone are used for the construction of paved area on a large scale. The material use in paving stone are of different variety of colours and shapes which are most likely have effect on the strength of the stone, they create unique and creative pattens while providing a surface that is durable and functional (Akinyemi, et al, 1992).

It is observed that various shapes of these paving stone are produced and widely used in our locality. These include: roman, zenith, double T, 3 star etc. And the laying pattern include, stretcher, running, digalo, bubble glover, diagonal, Herringbone and parquet bond but in lieu of this, different materials and mix ratio are used in order to determine various strength  and durability of the paving material. (Shackel, 1990).

Some use dust from quarry with sharp sand and granite of specified size while others prefer using stone dust with granite only but the most commonly used are dust from quarry only. During laying some prefer placing the elements over a graded sand base and interlocked with bedding and joint sand. The jointing sand allows the pavers to interlock and structurally function as one durable layer while others use dust (Sambawa, 2010).

All those variations in materials and production account for variations in properties, quality and strength and it is therefore necessary to carry out a research work to know whether the shapes of the stone has any effect on the strength.

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