ABSTRACT
This study examined groundnut oil production and marketing in Kaduna State, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to: examine the socio economic factors that influenced the production of groundnut oil; examine the socioeconomic factors that influenced marketing of groundnut oil; describe gender roles in the production and marketing of groundnut oil in the study area; describe the marketing channels employed in the distribution of groundnut oil; analyse margins of groundnut oil production and marketing; and identify constraints militating against the production and marketing of groundnut oil. Multi-stage random sampling technique was used to stratify the state into northern (mostly Moslems) and southern (mostly Christians) areas. A total of 100 respondents (50 producers and 50 marketers) were randomly selected. Data were collected from producers and marketers based on the list from the extension agents using two sets of structured and pre-tested questionnaires. Multiple regression model, descriptive statistics and marketing margin analysis were used to achieve the objectives. Socioeconomic factor such as sex, education, occupation, and years of experience were significant at 1% level for production with an R- square of about 70%, while for marketing, age and education were highly significant at 1% level with an R-square of about 90%. Production of groundnut oil was dominated by females, while both sexes had almost equal percentage in the marketing of the product. More retailers (76%) bought groundnut oil directly from the producers at more frequent intervals because they had low capital base. But the wholesalers (24%) bought less frequently at larger quantities because of larger capital. The producer’s margin was 36%, with a Net Income of N43, 925.04 per annum. The wholesaler’s margin was 28% with a Net Income of N 615, 960.00 per annum, while the retailer’s margin was 36% with a Net Income of N 201,636.00 per annum.
The total marketing margin was 100. The constraints of notable importance that affected production were lack of capital (92%), high cost of groundnut (82%), poor variety (50%), and crude processing method (70%). For marketing, high cost of groundnut oil (92%), high interest rate on borrowed money (80%) and fluctuation in price of groundnut oil (70%) and competition from other vegetable oils (50%). The production and marketing of groundnut oil if given a favourable environment by reducing the problems facing the industry to its barest minimum would thrive better. So, by way of recommendation, research institutes should be encouraged through adequate funding to produce high oil yielding varieties of groundnut. Loans should be made accessible and at reasonable and affordable interest rate to producers and marketers. The indigenous manufacturers should fabricate groundnut oil extractors and groundnut oil producers encouraged to use them so that larger quantities of oil would be produced to meet market demand at a relatively lower price. Proper market information should be disseminated so that all the market players would be in the picture and finally policies should be put in place to discourage unlawful importation of the vegetable oils into the country to avoid unnecessary competition in the market.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page – – – – – – – – – i
Certification page – – – – – – – ii
Dedication – – – – – – – – – iii
Acknowledgement – – – – – – – – iv
Abstract – – – – – – – – – v
Table of Contents – – – – – – – – vi
List of Tables – – – – – – – – – ix
List of Figures – – – – – – – – x
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION – – – – – – 1
- Background of the Study – – – – – – 1
- Statement of the Problem – – – – – – – 3
- Objective of the Study – – – – – – 6
- Hypotheses of the Study – – – – – – 6
- Justification of the Study – – – – – – 7
1.6 Definition of Terms – – – – – – 8
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW – – – – – 9
2.1 Concept of Agricultural Marketing – — 9
2.2 Agricultural Markets in Developing Countries – – – 10
2.3 The Role of Gender in Agricultural Marketing – – – 13
2.3.1 Causes and consequences of the ‘gendered’ nature of agricultural marketing system – – – – – – – 15
2.4 Changes in Marketing Activity and System – – – – 16
2.5 Problems Facing Agricultural Marketing – – – – 18
2.5.1 Marketing Problems – – – – – 18
2.6 Stages in Groundnut Processing – – – – – 21
2.7 Marketing Channel – – – – – – – 22
2.8 Hausa Purdah Women in the Groundnut Processing Enterprise 25
2.9 Profitability- – – – – – – – – 25
2.9.1 Gross Profit Margin Ratio – – – – – – – 27
2.9.2 Gross Profit as a Percentage of Sales – – – – – 28
2.10 Analytical Framework – – – – – – – 28
2.10.1 Concept of Marketing Margin – – – – – – 28
2.10.2 Marketing Margin Analysis – – – – – – 30
2.10.3 Empirical Studies of Marketing Margins – – – – – 32
2.10.4 Marketing Cost – – – – – – – – 33
2.10.5 Regression Analysis – – – – – – – 35
2.11 Theoretical Framework – – – – – – 35
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY – – – – – 37
- Study Area – – – – – – – – 37
- Sampling Procedure – – – – – – – 38
- Data Collection – – – – – – – 38
- Data Analysis – – – – – – – – 39
- Test of Hypothesis – – – – – – – 39
- Model Specification – – – – – – – 39
3.6.1 Multiple Regression Model – – – – – – 39
3.6.2 Marketing Margin Analysis – – – – – – 41
3.6.3 Producer’s Margin – – – – – – 41
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION – – – 43
- Effects of Socioeconomic Characteristics on the Production of Groundnut oil – – – – – 43
4.1.1 Socioeconomic Characteristics of Groundnut Oil Producers 43
4.1.2 Effects of Socioeconomic Characteristics on Production of Groundnut oil – – – – – – – 45
- Effects of the Socioeconomic Characteristics on the Marketing of Groundnut oil – – – – – – – 46
4.2.1 Socioeconomic Characteristics of Groundnut oil Marketers 46
4.2.2 Effects of Socioeconomic Characteristics on Groundnut Oil Marketing – – – – – – – – 49
4.3 Gender Roles in the Production and Marketing of Groundnut Oil 50
4.3.1 Role of Gender in the Production of Groundnut Oil – – 50
4.3.2 Role of Gender in the Marketing of Groundnut Oil – – 51
4.4 Marketing Channels Employed in the Distribution of Groundnut Oil- – 52
4.5 Margins of Groundnut Oil Produced and Marketed – – 52
4.5.1 Producer’s Income and Margin – – – – – 52
4.5.2 Wholesaler’s Income and Margin – – – – – 55
4.5.3 Retailer’s Income and Margin – – – – – 56
4.6 Constraints Militating Against the Production and Marketing of Groundnut Oil – – – – – – – – 47
4.6.1 Constraints militating Against the Production of Groundnut Oil– 57
4.6.2 Constraints militating Against the Marketing of Groundnut Oil- 58
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION- 60
5.1 Summary – – – – – – – 60
5.2 Conclusion – – – – – – 62
5.3 Recommendations – – – – – 62
REFRENCES – – – – – – – – 64
APPENDICES – – – – – – – – 69
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Gendered Nature of Rural Commodity Marketers – 15
Table 4.1 Socioeconomic Characteristics of Groundnut Oil Producers – 44
Table 4.2 Results of the Multiple Regression Analysis of the Socioeconomic
Factors Affecting the Production of Groundnut Oil – – 47
Table 4.3 Socioeconomic Characteristics of Groundnut Oil Marketers — -48
Table 4.4 Result of Multiple Regression Analysis of the Socioeconomic Characteristics Affecting the Marketing of Groundnut Oil – – 49
Table 4.5 Gender Role in the Production of Groundnut Oil – – 51
Table 4.6 Gender Role in the Marketing of Ground nut Oil – 51
Table 4.7 Enterprise Budget (Net Income) – – – – – 53
Table 4.8 Wholesaler’s Income and Margin – – – – – 55
Table 4.9 Retailer’s Income and Margin – – – – 56
Table 4.10 Constraints militating against the Production of Groundnut Oil – 57
Table 4.11 Constraints militating against the Marketing of Groundnut Oil –
LIST OF FIGURES.
Figure 2.1 Illustration of Concept of marketing Margin.———————-30
Figure 4.1 Marketing Channels employed in the distribution groundnut oil ———-52
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Information
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) originated from South America (Wiess, 2000). It is one of the most popular and universal crops cultivated in more than 100 countries in six continents; Asia, Africa, Oceania, North and South America and Europe (Nwokolo, 1996; ICRISAT, 1999).
Major groundnut producing countries are China (40 percent), India (23 percent) and Nigeria (8.4 percent) (World Bank, 2003). Developing countries account for over 95 percent of total world groundnut area and about 94 percent of total world production. Production is concentrated in Asia and Africa, with Africa accounting for 35 percent of global area and 21 percent of total output mainly in Nigeria, Senegal and Sudan (RMRDC, 2005). In Nigeria, groundnut is cultivated mainly in the northern parts especially Kano, North Central, North West and North Eastern states (RMRDC, 2005). World production of groundnut was 35.9 million tonnes. Asia remained the largest producer with 20.5 million tonnes, India 10.9 million tonnes, and Africa, 4.5 million tonnes. According to RMRDC (2005) report, the total output of groundnut for Nigeria as at 2002 was 1,976,490.80 tonnes with a range of 47.00 – 73,000 tonness for the States. Bauchi State had the largest output (73,000 tonnes) followed by Nasarawa (70,420 tonnes) and Edo State had the least with 47.00 tonnes. The mean groundnut output from farmer’s field for all the States was 15.72 tonnes. Sokoto State had the highest mean output of 57.00 tonnes, followed by Benue with 52.0 tonnes, Jigawa 27.33 tonnes, Kano, 26.29 tonnes, Yobe, 25.70 tonnes, Zamfara, 25.55 tonnes and Kaduna, 22.67 tonnes. Abuja had the least with 2.25 tonnes. Annual average production figure for Nigeria was 456 metric tonnes of groundnut oil, 713 metric tonnes of groundnut cake and 2,652 metric tonnes of unshelled groundnut (FAO, 2002).
Groundnut oil production is actually a post-harvest operation which is referred to as processing. Processing may be regarded as a way of converting harvested agricultural produce into other forms of products that can be preserved over a long period of time. In this case it is converting groundnut seeds into groundnut oil and groundnut cake commonly called “kuli-kuli” in the North. Processing of agricultural products serves as a source of additional income to the processor as well as boost household food security especially among the rural poor. In the process of transforming this product from subsistence to commercial, socio-economic changes of the processor is vital as he occupies key position in production, processing and marketing of agricultural product (NAERLS, 2000).
The extraction of oil from groundnut constitutes an important agricultural processing activity for women in Nigeria especially in the northern States. The process involves a number of steps that include cleaning, roasting, de-skinning, kneading and frying and the extraction of oil. The oil extraction process is mainly traditional, characterized by drudgery and time consuming.
In Nigeria, groundnut oil accounts for as much as 17 percent of the total agricultural export earnings because it does not meet domestic demand. The shortfall in domestic demand is 300,000 to 400,000 metric tones (Ojowo, 2004). Its husk (shell) is used as fuel, roughage, and litter for livestock, mulch, and manure and as soil conditioner (Misari, 1980).Groundnut seed contains 40-50 percent protein and 10-20 percent carbohydrate. Groundnut seeds are nutritional sources of vitamin E, niacin, flavin, calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, zinc, iron, riboflavin, thiamine and potassium.
It is also used as animal feed, raw material for oil, cake and fertilizers. The multiple uses of groundnut plant make it an excellent cash crop for domestic markets as well as for foreign trade in several developing and developed countries (Stigter,2006).Refined groundnut oil could be used in a variety of manufactured food products such as biscuits, cakes, crisps and ready meals. The unique property of stability and long shelf life can makes it a preferred choice for frying. As stable oil, it is often used as a base for some pharmaceutical products and minor food ingredients such as colours and flavours. Groundnut oil is also used in the preparation of skin cream, for instance, eczema cream though they could be problematic to those with a history of allergy due to the presence of groundnut protein (Warner, 1997). Groundnut oil is used extensively for massaging polio patients. It is also used as a carrier in the treatment of asthma and other ailments (Asiedu, 1990).
