TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page…………………………………………………………………………………. i
Certification page……………………………………………………………………… ii
Approval page………………………………………………………………………….. iii
Dedication……………………………………………………………………………….. iv
Acknowledgment………………………………………………………………………. v
Table of Content……………………………………………………………………….. vi
List of Tables……………………………………………………………………………. vii
List of Figures………………………………………………………………………….. viii
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………… ix
Chapter One: Introduction
Background to the Study…………………………………………………………….. 1
Statement of the Problem……………………………………………………………. 5
Purpose of the Study …………………………………………………………………. 6
Specific objectives of the Study……………………………………………………. 6
Significance of the Study…………………………………………………………….. 6
Research Hypotheses…………………………………………………………………. 7
Scope of the Study……………………………………………………………………… 7
Operational Definition of Terms…………………………………………………. 8
Chapter Two: Literature Review
Mode of Transmission of HIV……………………………………………………… 10
Methods of Preventing HIV Spread……………………………………………… 11
Concept of Voluntary Counselling and Testing for HIV/AIDS……….. 13
Knowledge of VCT……………………………………………………………………. 13
Concept of Compliance to VCT…………………………………………………… 14
Factors Affecting Compliance (VCT)…………………………………………… 17
Theoretical Framework……………………………………………………………….. 19
Conceptual Framework of the Study……………………………………………… 22
Empirical Review……………………………………………………………………….. 23
Summary of Reviewed Literature………………………………………………….. 30
Chapter Three: RESEARCH METHODS
Research Design………………………………………………………………………….. 32
Area of Study…………………………………………………………………………. ……32
Population for the Study…………………………………………………………………33
Sample…………………………………………………………………………………………33
Sampling Procedure……………………………………………………………………….34
Instrument for Data Collection………………………………………………………..35
Validation of the Instrument……………………………………………………………35
Reliability of the Instrument……………………………………………………………35
Ethical Consideration……………………………………………………………………..36
Procedure for Data Collection………………………………………………………….36
Method of Data Analysis…………………………………………………………………36
CHAPTER FOUR: ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF RESULT
Demographic profile of Respondents………………………………………………..37
Research Question 1……………………………………………………………………….38
Research Question 2……………………………………………………………………….40
Research Question 3……………………………………………………………………….41
Research question 4……………………………………………………………………….42
Summary of Findings…………………………………………………………………….45
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
Discussion of Major Findings………………………………………………………….47
Summary and Conclusion……………………………………………………………….50
Suggestion for further studies……………………………………………50
Limitation of the Study……………………………………………………….51
Implication of study……………………………………………………………………51
Recommendations………………………………………………………. ……………51
References……………………………………………………………………………..53
Questionnaire………………………………………………………………………….57
Appendix I…………………………………………………………………………….63
Appendix II……………………………………………………………………………..64
Appendix III……………………………………………………………………………65
Appendix IV……………………………………………………………………………66
Appendix V…………………………………………………………………………….67
Appendix
VI……………………………………………………………………………68
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Demographic profile of respondents……………………………..     37
Table  2:Responses on-knowledge of VCT for HIV/AIDS……… 38
Table 3: Responses on knowledge of VCT for HIV/AIDS of male andfemale students……………………………………………………………………………….. 39
Table4.Responses on knowledge of VCT for HIV/AIDS and campus location……………………………………………………………………………….. 39
Table 5: Responses on compliance to VCT for HIV/AIDS……Â 40
Table 6. Responses on compliance to VCT of male and female students…………… 40
Table 7: Respondents condition for compliance to VCT services for HIV/AlDS……………………………………………………  41
Table 8: Responses on important factor that would make EBSU students use VCT services for HIV/AIDS:…………………………………………………………….  42
Table 9: Chi square (x2) test of relationship of male and female undergraduates to knowledge of VCT for HIV AIDS…………………….42
Table10:Chi-square test of relationship of campus location and knowledge……… 43
Table11: Chi-square of relationship of male and female and compliance to VCTfor HIV/AIDS………………………………………………………………………………………44
Table12:Chi-square of relationship
of campus location and compliance to HIV test…………………………………………………………………. 44
LIST OF FIGURE
Fig: 1 Conceptual framework adopted from HBM (Rosenstock, 1994) & theory of fear (Rachman, 1990)……………………………………………….. 23
ABSTRACT
Early detection and
treatment of infected individuals is an important step in the control of HIV epidemic.
Voluntary counselling and testing is a concept developed in this direction. The study was conducted to determine the
knowledge and compliance of Ebonyi State University Undergraduates to VCT for
HIV/AIDS using a descriptive survey design. The sample consists of 384
full-time undergraduates selected from 3 campuses
by simple random sampling. Self
structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Data generated were analyzed and presented in frequency tables
and percentages, chi-square (X2) was used to test the four
hypotheses formulated for the study. The
findings showed a good level of knowledge of VCT for HIV/AIDS (69.9%) among EBSU students. More knowledge existed
among females (36.7%) although not
statistically significant. Presco campus students (40.2%) have more knowledge
than the other two campuses. All the students claimed to have done HIV test at
one time or the other (i.e. did HIV test two times or more at three or six
months interval voluntarily) but only 12.1% totally complied to HIV test
voluntarily. Half of the respondents (73.4%) did HIV text “by own
volition”. Confidentiality (78.7%) was the most important factor that
would make EBSU undergraduates use VCT services for HIV test. The study noted
that the number of students with good level of knowledge of VCT for HIV/AIDS
did not reflect in the compliance level. It was recommended that awareness
campaign on routine voluntary HIV test and safe behaviour practices to prevent
HIV should be intensified to the public at large. Health care providers should
ensure enabling environment that will make young people use VCT services for
HIV test.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background to the Study
Globally about 70 million people have been infected with HIV virus while 35 million people have died of AIDS and 34million people were living with HIV by the end of 2011(WHO, 2014). An estimate of 0.8% of adults aged 15 – 49 years worldwide are living with HIV with variation in epidemics between countries and regions. Sub-Saharan Africa remains most affected with nearly 1 in every 20 adults living with HIV and accounting for 69% of people living with HIV worldwide (WHO, 2014). In Africa, an estimate of 1.7 million young people is infected annually (WHO /UN Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS, 2006). Many youths engage in risky behaviours, with fewer than 10% of the sexually active adolescent females from countries in sub-Saharan Africa reporting condom use (Human Development Report, 2004). In Nigeria 3.4million people are living with HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS, 2013).Thus voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) for young people have been recognized as a major priority within the Nigerian HIV- prevention programme.
Voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) for Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is the process whereby an individual or couple undergo counselling to enable him/her make an informed choice about being tested for HIV ( Federal Ministry of Health, 2003). VCT is a major strategy designed by programme planners to combat the pandemic of HIV/AIDS in Africa (Bruce and Stellenberg, 2007). It involves community mobilization, education, increase in VCT sites, reduction of stigma, policies that protect human rights, counselling, rapid tests and confidentiality. VCT activities are implemented with other measures like sexual abstinence, marital fidelity, condom use and anti-retroviral drugs. Voluntary HIV test is an active search for HIV among healthy people and is therefore a fundamental aspect of primary, secondary and tertiary prevention of HIV infection and AIDS (Park, 2007 and Ikechebelu, Udigwe, Ikechebelu & Imo, 2006). It offers holistic approach that can address HIV in the broader context of people’s lives. HIV screening is advocated for every individual from early teen years of life especially those who are sexually active or exhibit high risk behaviours ( injection – drug users and their sex partners, sex partners of HIV – infected persons and heterosexual persons with more than one sex partners). The age group coverage for voluntary HIV test is as low as 15 years in developing world since there is evidence that 25% of them have initiated sex by then (HDR, 2004). Apart from early exposure, young people are at risk of HIV infection because of lack of skill to negotiate safe sex behaviour and vulnerability to sexual abuse. This has necessitated the campaign on youth friendly programmes to encourage youths know their HIV status. According to WHO (2003), regardless of test result after the first test, routine check continues regularly at least every 6 months, but every 3 months for those that are sexually active. Each HIV test follows the process of pretest counselling, test and post test counselling.
Voluntary counselling and testing is being advocated for because it has been shown to enable individuals, whether HIV positive or negative to change their behaviour appropriately (Okojie and Omume, 2004).Healthy lifestyle is achieved during interaction with service providers as the individual understands the need to maintain his or her HIV status. Although knowing HIV status is regarded as an important component of a healthier lifestyle, the decision to undergo VCT is entirely that of the individual being tested (FMOH, 2003). The willingness to do HIV test may be because of HIV services that are accessible, affordable and with observed confidentiality that will increase the clients trust or as routine during antenatal care, for premarital decision, or an institutional requirement. People’s willingness also depends on public awareness programmes that will give understanding of what VCT is.VCT education is one major component in the strategy of voluntary counselling and testing programme, which one is expected to acquire either from formal school or from other sources that include community, mass media and churches.
Compliance in VCT for HIV/AIDS is the willingness of an individual to undergo the process of knowing own HIV status correctly. It is influenced by knowledge of the procedure, benefit of the test, perception of the test, cost, and accessibility of the services and fear of positive result. Individual characteristics such as age, gender, social support, personality trait and personal beliefs about health are associated with people’s compliance to medical advice. Rejection of HIV screening has been linked to psychological trauma, infringement on fundamental human rights, fear of living with positive screening and stigmatization at place of work (Omoigberale, Abiodun and Famodu, 2006).
One hundred and nineteen countries reported a total of 95 million people that tested for HIV in 2010 (WHO, 2014). The compliance of Nigerians to voluntary counselling and testing for HIV/AIDS has improved with time although it is still on low side compared to its population of 150,000,000 (National Population Commission, 2009). A comparism of the 2003 and 2007 result of the proportion of Nigerians who took HIV test increased from 6.6% to14.4% for females and from 7.7% to14.17% in males (National Policy on AIDS, 2009). An estimate of 2.2 million people aged 15years and above received HIV testing and counselling in 2010, which amounts to only around 31 people per 100,000 of the total adult population (WHO/UNAIDS/UNICEF, 2011). In 2010 National Action Committee on AIDS (NACA) launched a comprehensive strategic framework with the aim to reach 80% of sexually active adults and 80% of most at risk population with HIV counselling and testing by 2015. This is to reinforce the existing guideline addressing the needs of young people. (National Strategic Framework 2010-2015, 2009). However, the success of VCT programme will depend to a large extent on the political will driving its implementation and client compliance to VCT.
There are many VCT centres in Ebonyi state that extends to the local government areas. This resulted from the effort of the government and interest of different non governmental organizations. Some of the VCT centres are located near these campuses: College of Agricultural Science (CAS), with its campus about 2 kilometres away from a VCT centres (St. Lukkes Laboratory); College of Health Sciences (Presco) campus which is about 100metres away from the State public VCT centre. Ishieke and Permanent site campuses are about 4 and 8 kilometres away from mile 4 VCT centre. Ebonyi state university has a permanent site and four other campuses that are within and outside the capital city. The university community amidst others have enjoyed so many preventive measures to HIV prevention to which VCT is one (Ebonyi State Action Committee on AIDS, 2009). The university government and non governmental organizations also organizes programmes to inform students on the need to live healthy life styles which usually end up with free HIV services. VCT services is therefore accessible to students, hence the need to explore their knowledge and compliance to the services.
Statement of the problem
