TABLE OF CONTENTS
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgments
Abstract
Table of contents
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Aim and Objectives of the study
1.2 Scope and Limitation of the Study
1.3 Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Refraction
2.1.1 Effect of refraction on speed, wavelength and frequency
2.2 Laws of refraction
2.3 Refractive Index
2.4 Relationship between refractive index of wave length on refractive index.
2.5 Total Internal reflection
2.6 Typical values of refractive index for some liquid
2.6.1 Refractive index below unity
2.6.2 Negative refractive index
2.7 Refractive index measurement
2.7.1 Real and Apparent Depth method
2.7.2 Refraction through Rectangular Glass Method
2.8 Refractometer
2.8.1 Types of Refractometer
2.8.2 Operational Principles
2.9 Application of Refractive index
2.9.1 Optical Fiber
2.9.2 Pyrex glass
2.9.3 Refractive index and diabetes
2.10 Comparing refractive indices
2.11 Concentration of sugar solution
CHAPTER THREE:
3.0 Materials and Method
3.1 Materials Used
3.2 Method
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Result and Discussion
4.1 Result
4.2 Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendations
References
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
Refractive index is one of the most important optical properties of a medium. It plays vital role in many areas of material science with special reference to thin film technology and fiber optics. Refractometers are used in chemical analysis to determine the concentration of solutions and their indices to identify the substances present to them. The speed of light in vacuum is a universal constant, but when light travels through a medium its speed slow down as it gets constantly absorbed and re-emitted by the atoms in the material. The absolute refractive index of a medium is the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in that medium. The relative refractive index is the ratio of the speed of light in one medium to that in the adjacent medium. Several techniques are reported in literature for the measurement of concentration in liquids (McPherson 1999, Garcia 1999, Otalora, 1994). The present paper reports a relatively simple and effective technique, which can be used to measure the effect of sugar concentration on the refractive index of water.
Refraction occurs with all types of waves but is most familiar with light waves. When a ray of light travels from one medium to another of different density, its direction is abruptly changed at the surface separating the two media. Refraction depends on the medium. When a ray of light passes from air to glass which means its medium is changing, it is coming from rarer medium to a denser medium, it bends towards the normal drawn at the point of incidence. In this case angle of incidence is greater than angle of refraction. If light passes from glass to air this means from denser to rarer medium the angle of refraction is greater now than angle of incidence.
- Aim and Objectives of the Study
The aims and objectives of this project are to determine the refractive index of different brands of vegetable oil with the view of ascertaining their purity.
- Scope and Limitation
The design of this research project is to determine the refractive index of vegetable oils. Due to time, lack of adequate facilities and financial constraint this research project was limited to few (5) selected brands of oil namely; kings oil, power oil, active oil, laziz oil and w/bottle oil.
- Definition of Terms
Refractive Index:This is the ratio of the velocity of light in a vacuum to its velocity in a specified medium.
Wavelength:This is the distance between successive crests of a wave, especially points in a sound wave or electromagnetic wave.
Frequency:This is the rate at which a vibration occurs that constitutes a wave, either in a material (as in sound waves), or in an electromagnetic field (as in radio waves and light), usually measured per second.
