CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of The Study
Gender Based Violence has been part of human history and it is a particularly disturbing phenomenon which exists in all regions of the world. It is a key health risk affecting women all over the world today. It is of great importance to note here that it is the fundamental right of every person whether male or female to have his or her human dignity respected. All human beings are born free and sexual in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in the spirit of brotherhood[1]. In today’s world, it is clear that gender-based violence is multifaceted and all-encompassing as it affects both gender, that is, it includes violence against both men and women.
It follows that, violence has not been a woman’s problem exclusively, some men in the past years have been recorded also to be exposed to violence from the female gender[2]. However, the scope of this study focuses more on women as they are deemed more vulnerable to the menace owing to the patriarchal socio- cultural model of society where the man is seen as superior and the woman inferior in all ramifications (socially, economically, politically and otherwise). Prior to this era, violence against women was not perceived as a serious issue to be considered, let alone to be seen as a human right violation. It was not until the Vienna World Convention on Human Rights in 1993 that Women’s rights were recognized as Human Rights and this position was later affirmed at the International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo in 1994[3]. Thus, violence against women is now widely recognized as a serious human right encroachment and an important public health problem with substantial consequences- physical, mental, sexual and reproductive health[4]. Violence against women includes many kinds of harmful behaviours ranging from physical, emotional and sexual behaviours directed towards women and girls in the family and very few times by strangers[5]. Violence against women has been regarded as perhaps the most shameful human right violation, and it is perhaps the most pervasive as it knows no geographical, cultural or wealth boundary.
In Nigeria to which the scope of this research is restricted, the case is not different. Studies have shown that gender-based violence is shockingly high[6]. According to the Nigeria Democratic and Health Survey (NDHS, 2013) which surveyed 38,948 women and 17,359 men in all 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory, violence against women is “common practice”. The NDHS notes that: “Domestic violence cuts across all socio-economic and cultural backgrounds. Nearly three in ten Nigerian women have…experienced physical violence since age 15”[7]. The situation in Nigeria includes physical, sexual and psychological violence occurring in the family, including battering, sexual abuse of female children in the household, dowry related violence, marital rape, female genital mutilation and other traditional practices harmful to women, violence related to exploitation; physical, sexual and psychological occurring within the general community including rape, sexual abuse, harassment and intimidation and intimation at work, in educational institutions and elsewhere, trafficking in women and forced prostitution. The list is in-exhaustive and includes incidences of forced marriages and dowry deaths. The Amnesty International in 2005 estimated that up to two-third of women in certain communities in Lagos State, Nigeria are believed to have experienced physical, sexual or psychological violence in the family, with neither the Lagos government doing anything to stem the tide of violence and in some cases even condoning it.[8] There seems to be a “normalization” of these forms of violence on girls and women in Nigeria as customary, religious and traditional practices support some of these derogatory practices with the false idea of male dominance in the society. Women discrimination in marriage is encouraged under the misguided perception that the men are superior, and the women inferior. Undermining the fact that the Federal Government has adopted some measures and is signatory to various international treaties combating gender-based violence, it is still on an escalating level. It is suggested that there be a wake-up call to everyone concerned as to what can be done to tame this social leviathan which is vastly devouring our society. However, the focus of this research is the evaluation and analysis of the various legal instruments, policies and responses that are available for the redress of victims of gender-based violence.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Despite the plethora of international conventions provisos, regional human rights instruments, declarations and resolutions against violence on women that have been ratified by Nigeria and several measures adopted, national and state enactments, the prevalence of gender-based violence is still at its peak. What then is the way forward? One of the key factors that hampers progress towards combating this menace is the response of the victims to their own predicament- reluctance in reporting incidences of violence as they fear ostracism or accepting the make-belief towards male dominance of which such beliefs results in maintaining the status quo-the frequency and severity of variation in violence and allow the control of victims through fear and intimidation which might preclude victim’s reaction against violence.
1.3 Research Questions
This research set out to address the following questions:
1. What are the various forms of gender-based violence?
2. What are the various provisions on legal redress available to victims of gender-based violence?
3. How far have instruments on gender-based violence been enforced to benefit victims of gender-based violence in Nigeria?
4. What are the responses of victims and relevant stakeholders to the prevalence of gender-based violence in Nigeria?
5. What ways can the appropriate authorities help to ensure effective remedies for gender-based violence in Nigeria.
1.4 Objectives of The Study
This research work has the following objectives:
1. To explain the background and forms of gender-based violence in Nigeria.
2. To highlight provisions on legal redress for victims of gender-based violence.
3. To examine the extent to which the redress for gender-based violence has been enforced in Nigeria.
4. To assess the responses of victims and other key authorities to the prevalence of gender- based violence in Nigeria.
5. To recommend viable strategies that can be developed by appropriate authorities to ensure redress for victims and curbing gender-based violence.
1.5 Significance of The Study
This study brings to light what gender-based violence is all about, perpetrators and victims involved, the need to protect the victims (to prevent it from happening again) and appropriate assistance to treat any physical and psychological consequences, and factors that encourage its prevalence in the Nigerian society. This work serve as a guide that can be useful to students, counsels, non-governmental organisations that handle issues on gender violence, human right lawyers and organisations. This area of research also provides a structure that makes inquiries into reports on various experiences of victims of gender-based violence in Nigeria.
1.6 Scope of Research
The scope of this research work is limited to examining the various legal redress available to victims of gender-based violence in Nigeria with particular reference to women and children. The work will also take a look at legal redress made available to victims in some selected jurisdictions. The work will also contain some general statistical records of various forms of violence meted out on women and girls in some states in Nigeria. The work will examine the redresses available both at the international and national plane.
1.7 Research Methodology
This research work is library based. The writer relies on both primary and secondary sources. The writer also employs the narrative method in tracing the history, meaning and the various forms of Gender Based Violence. A comparative study of provisions in selected jurisdictions will be examined to see how victims of gender violence in such countries are provided redress. . The union of the above methods will bring to light the core issues involved in the research work.
1.8 Definition of Key Concepts
According to some authors, the concept of gender-based violence can be categorized into two, namely;
1. Discrimination and
2. Violence. Discrimination:
In 1979, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women(CEDAW) and Article 1 of the Convention defines discrimination as “any distraction, exclusion or restriction made on the basis of sex which has the purpose or effect of impairing or nullifying the recognition of enjoyment or exercise by women, irrespective of their marital status on a basis of equality of men and women, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, social, cultural, civil or any other field”[9]. The same article clearly provides for the right to be free from all forms of discrimination which is impari materia with S.49 of the Constitution Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999. It prohibits discrimination based on sex. Violence: Violence may be seen as any emotional destructive act that occurs between two people[10]. Within families, it means the destructive behavior among members to or outside the family. The violence could be both emotional and physical, which assumes the form of sibling rivalry, fighting among children, parent-child corporal punishment, wife beating, child abuse, child battering, infanticide, filicide, or parricide[11]. Violence against women includes all acts perpetuated against women causing or being capable of causing physical harm, sexual or psychological suffering, such as threats of constraints, or arbitrary deprivation of fundamental freedom of women be it in public or private life in times of peace or in conflicts.
