With the approval of Article 32, first paragraph of the Italian Constitution in 1948,1 health is accepted and safeguarded by the Republic as a fundamental right of every citizen which also plays a collective interest. The basis of this statement lies in the undeniable observation that only a country whose population enjoys a significant level of health can develop cultural, professional, research and economical activities whose common result is wealth and wellbeing. Designing places of living should not only take into account functional spaces for individual and collective needs, but should also protect health, as humans spend 80% of their time in built spaces. Paradoxically, we could state that an architect has a key role in protecting health more than a doctor.2 In the discipline of Architecture there are many historical stages in which architects and planners have contributed to the improvement of living conditions when inspired by an ethic and social vision.3 Starting from the Roman city planning innovation, health awareness about places of living and work has grown over time. The first great paradigm took place during the plague Era, where the living culture had to react for not being overwhelmed by the message of death. Lazarettos were constructed in addition to renovations of the design of the houses and public spaces. After the Industrial Revolution crisis, the Nineteenth Century city was renewed thanks to the work of architects, engineers and enlightened hygienists. Garden cities and social housing were built, entire neighborhoods devastated by tuberculosis were renewed up to the emergence of rationalist architecture. Recently, in the culture of sustainability, no architectural project can avoid the involvement of medical sciences along with psychological, anthropological and social contributions, in order to reach the formulation of healthy city concept. These achievements can be found within the context of national and international legislative and regulatory framework, in which there is a well-established system of indicators aimed to ensure the minimum hygiene requirements of architecture.4 Combination of design aspects, use of materials and the distribution of the spaces are merged along with many others in the Healthy cities project of the WHO/Europe. Currently, 90 cities are members of the WHO European Healthy Cities Networks and 30 national Healthy Cities Network in the European Region have involved in the project the amount of 1400 cities.5 Health has often stimulated critical reflections and experimental proposals within the architectural discipline. If we consider the works of Alvar Aalto, Franco Albini, Ignazio Gardella and the theories of Le Corbusier, we can found that a special attention has been given to the psychological and physical well-being. Therefore, we can say that topics concerning health have always been inspiring and stimulating technological innovation of both products and processes at different scales: territorial and urban development projects as well as architectural and interior design. The role of an architect as a promoter of health should be played in designing living and work and leisure spaces, in addition to those specifically designed to restore and protect public health.6 His expertise as an architect might be completed by skills in the fields of materials, engineering, technological systems, urban planning as well of medicine and, in particular, of public health. This integration can be developed within the design process, but above all, it must be strengthened during the education of the architect. The relationship between Architecture and Engineering already exists in three Italian Polytechnics (Milan, Turin and Bari) and in many other universities where the two schools coexist yet. The collaboration is less obvious with the medical world and schools. It is true that in some cases biomedical engineers are already working jointly and in some schools there are courses of engineering focused on the management of health facilities. Although Environmental Health is already taught in Milan, Rome, Genoa, Sassari, further widespread integrations in Architecture schools are needed to increase the awareness about the role of future architects as guarantors and guardians of the Public Health of a community.
PLACE YOUR ADVERT HERE
- ACCOUNTING PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS3553
- EDUCATION PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS3486
- ENGLISH AND LINGUISTIC PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS2939
- COMPUTER SCIENCE PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS FINAL YEAR1274
- BANKING AND FINANCE PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS1250
- BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS1236
- EDUCATION FOUNDATION GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING TOPICS AND MATERIALS1045
- ZOOLOGY PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS1002
- MASS COMMUNICATION PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS1001
- ANIMAL SCIENCE PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS978
- LAW PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS896
- ARTS EDUCATION PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS844
- MARKETING PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS690
- AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS676
- PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS654
LATEST PROJECTS
STUDIES ON SOME ASPECTS OF ANTHRACNOSE-BLIGHT-DIEBACK COMPLEX OF CULTIVARS OF GRAPEVINES (VITIS SPP.) IN...
GENETIC VARIABILITY STUDIES OF TWENTY POTATO GENOTYPES
RELATIONSHIP OF HAEMOGLOBIN AND POTASSIUM POLYMORPHISM WITH CONFORMATION, MILK PRODUCTION AND BLOOD BIOCHEMICAL PROFILES...
ADOPTION OF AGRICULTURAL INNOVATIONS AMONG MEMBERS AND NON-MEMBERS OF WOMEN CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES IN OJU...
SMALL FARMER CREDIT WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO NIGERIA
DISCLAIMER
All undertaking works, records and reports posted on this website, modishproject.com are the property/copyright of their individual proprietors. They are for research reference/direction purposes and the works are publicly supported. Do not present another person’s work as your own to maintain a strategic distance from counterfeiting its results. Use it as a guide and not to duplicate the work in exactly the same words (verbatim). modishproject.com is a vault of exploration works simply like academia.edu, researchgate.net, scribd.com, docsity.com, coursehero and numerous different stages where clients transfer works. The paid membership on modishproject.com is a method by which the site is kept up to help Open Education. In the event that you see your work posted here, and you need it to be eliminated/credited, it would be ideal if you call us on +2348053692035 or send us a mail along with the web address linked to the work, to [email protected]. We will answer to and honor each solicitation. Kindly note notification it might take up to 24 - 48 hours to handle your solicitation.