COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VOID FRACTION CORRELATIONS FOR HIGH VISCOSITY OIL DATA IN HORIZONTAL PIPELINE

0
356

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………………………. i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………………………………… iii

LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………………………. vii

LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………………………………… viii

LIST OF EQUATIONS……………………………………………………………………………….. ix

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS…………………………………………………………………………. x

  1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………………… 1
    1. Statement of problem…………………………………………………………………………. 2
    1. Aim…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2
    1. Objectives…………………………………………………………………………………………. 3
    1. Juastification……………………………………………………………………………………… 3
  2. LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………………………………………………. 5
    1. Oil Viscosity………………………………………………………………………………………. 5
      1. Factors Affecting Viscosity……………………………………………………………. 5
    1. Heavy crude oil………………………………………………………………………………….. 5
    1. Void Fraction……………………………………………………………………………………… 7
    1. Void Fraction Correlations…………………………………………………………………… 8
      1. Slip Ratio Correlations………………………………………………………………… 10
      1. KαH Correlations…………………………………………………………………………. 12
      1. Drift Flux Correlations…………………………………………………………………. 14
      1. General Void Fraction Correlations……………………………………………….. 15
    1. Previous comparison work………………………………………………………………… 16
      1. Dukler et al. (1964) Horizontal Pipe Comparison…………………………….. 16
      1. Marcano (1973) Horizontal Pipe Comparison………………………………… 17
      1. Palmer (1975) Inclined Pipe Comparison………………………………………. 18
      1. Mandhane et al. (1975) Horizontal Pipe Comparison………………………. 18
      1. Papathanassiou (1983) Horizontal Pipe Comparison………………………. 19
      1. Spedding et al. (1990) Inclined (2.75o) Pipe Comparison…………………. 20
      1. Abdulmajeed (1996) Horizontal Pipe Comparison…………………………… 20
      1. Spedding (1997) General (-90o to +90o) Comparison………………………. 20
      1. Friedel and Diener (1998) Horizontal/Vertical Upward Comparison

……………………………………………………………………………………………………    21

REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………………………. 43

APPENDICES………………………………………………………………………………………….. 49

Appendix A Appendix Title (Use Heading 7)………………………………………………. 49

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2-1: Composition for world oil reserve…………………………………………………… 6

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2-1: Oil type, densities, viscosities and their behaviours……………………………. 6

LIST OF EQUATIONS

(2-1)……………………………………………………………………………………………………..    7

(2-2)……………………………………………………………………………………………………..    7

(2-3)……………………………………………………………………………………………………..    7

(2-4)……………………………………………………………………………………………………..    7

(2-5)……………………………………………………………………………………………………    10

(2-6)……………………………………………………………………………………………………    12

(2-7)……………………………………………………………………………………………………    12

(2-8)……………………………………………………………………………………………………    12

(2-9)……………………………………………………………………………………………………    12

(2-10)………………………………………………………………………………………………….    13

(2-11)………………………………………………………………………………………………….    13

(2-12)………………………………………………………………………………………………….    13

(2-13)………………………………………………………………………………………………….    13

(2-14)………………………………………………………………………………………………….    14

(2-15)………………………………………………………………………………………………….    14

(2-16)………………………………………………………………………………………………….    14

(2-17)………………………………………………………………………………………………….    14

(2-18)………………………………………………………………………………………………….    15

(2-19)………………………………………………………………………………………………….    15

(2-20)………………………………………………………………………………………………….    16

(2-21)………………………………………………………………………………………………….    16

(3-1)……………………………………………………………………………………………………    26

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

IT                  Information Technology

1 INTRODUCTION

The oil and gas industry is increasingly looking towards unconventional resources like heavy oil to help satisfy world energy demand as conventional reserves are continuously depleted due to several years of production and consumption. Viscous oil hydrodynamic characteristics are different from conventional oil (light) due mainly to its physical properties .As a result of these significantly different physical properties, heavy oil is more challenging to produce and transport. The major implication of these differences is seen in the design of heavy oil systems as well as in the implementation of technologies which were mostly developed on the basis of hydrodynamic characteristics of liquid oil.

High-viscosity oils are discovered and produced all around the world. High-viscosity or “heavy oil” has become one of the most important future hydrocarbon resources, with ever-increasing world energy demand and depletion of conventional oils.

Almost all flow models have viscosity as an intrinsic variable. Two-phase flows are expected to exhibit significantly different behavior for higher viscosity oils. Many flow behaviors will be affected by the liquid viscosity, including droplet formation, surface waves, bubble entrainment, slug mixing zones, and even three-phase stratified flow. Furthermore, the impact of low-Reynolds-number oil flows in combination with high-Reynolds-number gas and water flows may yield new flow patterns and concomitant pressure-drop behaviors.

Void fraction prediction in high viscous liquid is of great importance .This is because most existing correlations for predicting two phase flow parameters were developed based on observations from low viscosity liquid gas flows which have different hydrodynamic features compared to high viscosity liquid gas flows. Consideration of these prediction models will ensure that pressure drop is accurately predicted (Oyewole 2009)

Water is a low viscosity fluid; syrup is a high viscosity fluid. With oil, like syrup, as you increase the temperature, the viscosity lowers, meaning it flows faster, or more easily.

The most common unit of measure for viscosity is the Kinematic viscosity and this is usually quoted in data sheets at 40°C and 100°C. The commonly used unit of measure is centistokes but the correct SI unit of measure is mm2/s.

Absolute Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s internal resistance to flow and may be thought of as a measure of fluid friction and of the oil’s film strength to support a load.

Dynamic or Absolute Viscosity: 1 milliPascal second (mPa·s) = 1 centi-Poise (cP)

     Statement of problem

With the decline of conventional oil reserves, heavy oil with significantly high viscosity is seen as a major potential resource to meet the world increasing energy demand .Void fraction prediction in high viscous liquid is of great  importance. This is because most existing empirical correlations for prediction two phase flow parameters were developed based on observations from low viscosity liquid-gas flows which have different hydrodynamic features compared to high viscosity liquid –gas flows. Consideration of these prediction models will ensure that pressure drop is accurately predicted. This will have significant impact on the design and specification of downstream facilities.

     Aim

The project aims to carry out an appraisal of existing void fraction correlations using data for high viscosity oil gas two phase flows in horizontal pipes.

     Objectives

  1. To compare high viscosity void fraction data with those of prediction from existing correlations.
    1. To carry out a detailed statistical analysis of these correlations.
    1. To determine the best performing ones for high viscous oil data.

     Justification

  1. Increased growth in global energy consumption.
    1. Depleting light resources.
    1. Reserves of heavy resources.
    1. The need for proper understanding of the behaviour of heavy oil.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

     Oil Viscosity

Absolute viscosity provides a measure of a fluid’s internal resistance to flow. For liquids, viscosity corresponds to the informal notion of “thickness”. For example, honey has a higher viscosity than water.

High viscous oil is heavy oil that cannot easily flow under normal conditions. Fluids that exhibit viscosity behaviour independent of shear rate are described as being Newtonian fluids.

             Factors Affecting Viscosity

The principal factors affecting viscosity are:

  1. Oil
    1. Temperature.
    1. Dissolved gas.
    1. Pressure.
    composition.

(Anon 2015b)

     Heavy crude oil

It is referred to as “heavy” because its density or specific gravity is higher than that of light crude oil. Heavy crude oil has been defined as any liquid petroleum with API (American Petroleum Institute) gravity less than 20°. (Dusseault 2001).Physical properties that differ between heavy crude oils and lighter grades include higher viscosity and specific gravity, as well as heavier molecular composition. In 2010, the World Energy Council defined extra heavy oil as crude oil having a gravity of less than 10° and a reservoir viscosity of no more than 10,000 centipoises. Heavy oils and asphalt are dense non aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs). They have a “low solubility and are with viscosity lower and density higher than water. “Large spills of DNAPL will quickly penetrate the full depth of the aquifer and accumulate on its bottom.”(Anon 2015a)
Unconventional oil resources constitute heavy oil, extra heavy oil, oil sand, tar sands, oil shale and bitumen which account for a greater portion of the world remaining oil reserves as illustrated in Figure 2-1. Table 2-1 below presents the summary of the experimental investigations focusing on oil types

DOWNLOAD PROJECT

RELATED ARTICLESMORE FROM AUTHOR