Extraction Of Tannin From Indigenous Wood Species
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
1.0    Introduction                                                                                     1
- Statement of problem                                                             3
- Aims                                                                                       4
- Objectives                                                                              4
- Limitation and delimitation                                                    4
- Hypothesis                                                                             5
CHAPTER TWOÂ Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â
2.0    Literature review                                                                    6
- Extraction of natural products                                                         13
CHAPTER THREEÂ
3.0    Materials and preparation                                                               17
- Raw materials                                                                        17
- Apparatus                                                                              17
- Preparation                                                                            18
- Extraction/method                                                                           18
- Flow process for extraction using hot water                                    19
- Method                                                                                   20
- Quantitative analysis                                                              21
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0    Result                                                                                               22
- Percentage tannin                                                                   23
- Discussion                                                                              23
CHAPTER FIVEÂ Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â
- Conclusion And Recommendation                                                   24
- Conclusion                                                                             24
- Recommendation                                                                    25
References                                                                              26
CHAPTER ONE
1.0Â Â Â Â INTRODUCTION
The tissue of wood, bark and leaves of trees contain a great variety of chemical substances of considerably scientific interest and some of the practical values. Tannin is a generic name for widely occurring group of substances of vegetable origin.
Tannins from the bark, wood and leaves of certain species of plants is one of the most important commercial extractives which also form the basis of some important industries. The main local source of obtaining industrial vegetable tannin in Acacia nilotica pods, obtained principally around Kano and Maiduguir. Due to ever increasing demand for this materials by the producers of particle boards and leathers, there has grown a scarcity which normally manifest itself in the cost of materials.
Even in the southern parts of Nigeria where new leather industries are developing, the problem of obtaining transporting and storing these pods cannot for too long be over – looked there is therefore the need for a search into other alternatives in order to avoid a heavy drain on foreign exchange because of the importation of synthan (synthetic phenolic polymers).
Again the mangrove (Rhizophora species) found largely in most tropical coast lines contain reasonable amount of tannin. But when used in the heavy tanning industries. They a re known to produce an extract which has the major set back because of its hard red colour, which is prone to further darkening on exposure to sunlight during drying Fasina (1974) suggested that after full tannage is achieved, that the leather or particle board is bleached and then retanned using a light coloured fast penetrating vegetable tannin extract. But one cannot over look here, the cost factor, since an industry is usually profit motivated.
This project is therefore an investigation carried out the determine other sources of vegetable tannin of commercial importance and which can sustain the available tanners industries in the country that is the species (bark and leaves) investigated were Pterocarpus Osun Pterocarpus Soyaureii. Burkea africana and Khaya senegalensis.
1.1Â Â Â Â STATEMENT OF PROBLEM