ABSTRACT
Despite the important role information plays in ensuring that farmers are abreast with innovative farming practices, access to Climate Smart Agricultural (CSA) information is low in rural areas in Ghana. However, in the Pru District, an essential area of concern that has not been given due exploration is a comparison of rural female and male farmers’ access to information in order to ascertain whether they have equal access to CSA information or there is a gender differential in this regard. Using a mixed method approach, the study sought to analyse rural farmers’ access to CSA information in the Pru District of Ghana and ascertain whether there are gender differences in access to CSA information and the factors accounting for that. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected from 133 male and 139 female farmers for the study. Using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, both inferential and descriptive statistics were used to analyse the quantitative data while the qualitative data was analysed by employing Dey’s (1993) three steps processes of qualitative data analysis.
The study revealed that the major source of CSA information for both male and female farmers is government extension officers. The major channel through which the extension officers transfer CSA information to female farmers is farm visit by the extension officers. The major channel for male farmers is farmers’ visit to the extension officers’ office. However, both male and female farmers preferred extension officers to transfer CSA information to them through farm visit by extension officers. The study also revealed that there is a poor level of CSA information dissemination in the Pru District. However, there is a gender differential in access to CSA information among farmers in the Pru District, which is biased towards men. Male farmers have more access to CSA information than female farmers because female farmers are not involved in deciding meeting schedules with extension officers, female farmers miss extension
programs because of their numerous farm and off-farm duties, cultural norms that limit female farmers from interacting with strangers for information, and female farmers could not afford to regularly visit extension officers’ office for CSA information.
The study therefore recommends that extension officers should involve female farmers in deciding meeting schedules, there should be social and economic empowerment programs to help female farmers access CSA information through diverse means such as radio and television, and there should be campaigns by the government and NGOs to eradicate cultural norms that limit women’s mobility as they make efforts to access CSA information. The study again recommends that the Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA) must strengthen its extension department by increasing the number of extension officers and logistics so that the officers can regularly and easily visit farmers on their farms to deliver information on CSA practices.
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
Background
Agriculture is currently undergoing significant transformation to meet food demands under the realities of climate change. Without doubt, this effort will bring into focus the important role that information plays in creating awareness and enabling farmers to adopt innovative practices for increasing production levels. Based on food consumption patterns and population growth, food production needs to increase by 70% or more in order for food demands to be met by 2050 (Ashish et al., 2017). This is a huge task as climate change is expected to reduce food production and therefore threaten the capacity of agriculture to feed the ever increasing population of the globe, especially in developing countries where additional 2.4 billion people are expected by 2050, concentrated in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia (Leslie et al., 2014). Climate change has already reduced global yields of maize by 3.8% and wheat by 5.5% (Leslie et al., 2014). Across Africa, wheat yields are estimated to drop by 17% and maize by 5% before 2050 (Knox et al., 2012).
The devastating impacts of climate change have necessitated agriculture to depend more on the transfer of information regarding weather trends and best farm practices. Information dissemination regarding these areas aids farmers to plan their farm activities in order to adapt to the devastating effects of climate change on crop yield. For instance, farmers’ access to information regarding rainfall and temperature patterns, crops to plant, market price of farm produce, where to buy farm inputs, where to get credit, how to operate farm tools, how to apply
fertilizer etc. are very crucial in enhancing the farmer’s output levels and resilience to climate change.
Despite the significance of information dissemination in food production, access to farm and climate related information is low in rural areas in Ghana (Alemna & Osei, 2007; Bonye et al., 2012; Anaglo et al., 2014). Several rural areas do not have communication infrastructures that ease the transfer of information to farmers (Lawal et al., 2016). This is compounded by inadequate agricultural extension officers who could contact farmers directly to teach them about climate smart agricultural (CSA) practices (Alemna & Osei, 2007). The agricultural extension officer to farmer ration is as low as 1:1,500, implying that 1,500 farmers depend on one extension officer. Extension service coverage in Ghana is not uniform (SEND-Ghana, 2014). Extension agents have been sent to only 56% of operational areas and this is compounded by low running motor bikes that could aid agents to effectively contact farmers and provide them with extension services (SEND-Ghana, 2014). This situation limits farmers’ access to vital information for increased production and climate change resilience. Lack of CSA information reduces farmers’ production levels and this has the potential of disrupting rural economy because most rural dwellers in Ghana depend on agriculture as their main source of livelihood and income.
In Ghana, agriculture employs over 60% of the country’s population with the crop sub sector as the single largest economic activity accounting for 14.2% share of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2017 (MoFA, 2018). Women make up more than half of the labour force engaged in agriculture (NCCP, 2013; SEND-Ghana, 2014). Food production is dominated by the rural poor most of whom are women (Nyanteng & Dapaah, 1993). With simple farm tools like cutlasses and hoes, women farmers in the Pru District, just like in many parts of Ghana, cultivate small
and marginal lands. In Ghana, women produce 70% of subsistence crops, account for more than half of the labour force (52%) and make a vital contribution of 46% of total GDP (NCCP, 2013). Despite the importance of women in food production, it is widely acknowledged that women have less access to climate and farm related information that could enhance their resilience to climate change (FAO, 2009).
In Ghana, agricultural information dissemination caters for the needs of male farmers to the neglect of the needs of female farmers (SEND-Ghana, 2014). Rural female farmers usually do not get agricultural information that enhance food production due to the fact that agricultural information dissemination does not pay attention to the concerns of women (SEND-Ghana, 2014). Inequalities in access to CSA information puts women farmers in a disadvantaged position in their efforts to adopt and benefit from CSA practices (World Bank, FAO, & IFAD (2015). As the combat against climate change requires the input of everyone, the enhancement of both rural female and male farmers’ access to CSA information is crucial in ensuring increased production levels, resilient communities, and a reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agricultural activities. It is against this background that this study sought to investigate the presence of gender differentials in access to CSA information by taking evidence from the Pru District and to also suggest measures to help make CSA information accessible to both male and female farmers.
Problem statement
There is a global evidence of gender inequality in agriculture where women are characterised by less access to agricultural extension services compared to men (FAO, 2011). Several studies have revealed male biased access to climate and agricultural information. For instance, in rural
Malawi, Morna (1989) found that extension officers usually interact only with men when they visit farmers to provide extension services. In Ethiopia, Abebe (2017) found that female farmers have less access to extension training than their male counterpart. SEND-Ghana (2014) also revealed that agricultural extension in Ghana does not pay attention to the needs of women farmers. Other studies have also revealed less access to farm and climate related information by rural farmers in Ghana (Alemna & Osei, 2007; Bonye et al., 2012; Anaglo et al., 2014). However, in the Pru District, an essential area of concern that has not been given due exploration is a comparison of rural female and male farmers’ access to information in order to ascertain whether they have equal access to CSA information or there is a gender differential in this regard.
There has not been much work done in the Pru District on this critical area. It is therefore not clear whether rural female and male crop farmers in the Pru District have equal access to CSA information. The absence of gender-disaggregated data implies that little is available to prove the efficiency or benefits of interventions that aim at fighting gender inequality. Gender is a crucial basis of ownership and control of resources and access to CSA information. It will therefore be useful to make a gender analysis of access to CSA information in order to ascertain the challenges facing both female and male farmers in accessing CSA information. It is important to note that, in order to strengthen the effectiveness and sustainability of CSA practices, gender inequality and other social differences must be considered (World Bank, FAO, IFAD, 2015).
If gender inequality in access to CSA information in Ghana is not addressed, there is a likelihood that in implementing CSA practices, existing gender inequalities will be reinforced. This is because rural female and male farmers may not be starting off on a level playing field and as such may not benefit equally from the gains accruing from implementing CSA practices. It will
then be very difficult to maintain food and nutrition security in the country. Thus, this research is being carried out to ascertain the existence of gender differences in access to CSA information in Ghana by taking evidence from the Pru District. The intention is to help the country adapt to climate change by suggesting appropriate measures to make CSA information accessible to both female and male farmers. Providing a clearer explanation and evidence for gender disparities in the access to CSA information has become increasingly important especially towards the effectiveness and sustainability of CSA practices in the face of the devastating effects of climate change in developing countries specifically Ghana. The problem identified above raises the question; are there gender differences in access to CSA information and what factors account for that?
