ABSTRACT
Cancer related morbidity and mortality continues to pose grave health challenge to men globally with increasing prevalence especially in developing countries. Presently prostate cancer has been reported to have a prevalence level of 11% in Nigeria which is considered alarming. Developing strategies to forestall increasing incidence and prevalence are vital to reducing the deleterious effects prostate cancer on health and national developmental efforts. Research oriented strategies are considered potent measures to achieving this goal thus making research into factors associated with prostate cancer an
important endeavour. It is against this background that this study was designed to examine prevalence of prostate cancer among in IjeroLGA of Ekiti State, Nigeria. The descriptive survey research design was employed in the study and data were collected using a self developed and validated questionnaire.
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Cancer of the Prostate can be a serious disease, but most men diagnosed with cancer of theprostate do not die from it. In fact, more than 2.5 million men in the United States who have beendiagnosed with cancer of the prostate at some point are still alive today. In Pakistan, prostaticcancer was fifth commonest tumor occurring in 7.3% of all men (Nair-Shalliker, Yap, Nunez,Egger,Rodger&Patel, 2017).Prostate gland of male reproductive system is about the size of walnut and surrounds the urethra.It produces and stores a milky white fluid which becomes the part of semen and consists ofsugars, proteins and other chemicals which help the sperm to survive in female genital tract. It isa retroperitoneal organ encircling the neck of bladder and urethra and is devoid of distinctcapsule. In adults, Prostatic parenchyma can be divided into four biological and anatomicalzones:peripheral,central,transitional andanterior fibromuscularstroma (Rebbeck,2017).
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate caused bycellular hyperplasia. It is a common age-associated disease affecting 70 per cent of men aged 70years or over. BPH can be a bothersome and potentially severe condition. Not only can it lead tolower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and diminish patients’ quality of life, but it may also beassociated with certain male urologic cancers such as prostate cancer (Dai, Fang, Ma, &Xianyu,2016)
Benignprostatichyperplasia(BPH)andcanceroftheprostateareamongserioushealthproblems emerging with old age in the increasing male population worldwide. BPH and PCa arebothepidemiologicallyandhistopathologicallyhormonedependentdiseasesandprostaticinflammationassociatedchronicdiseasesrequireslongtimebothfordevelopmentandprogression. In both malign and benign prostate diseases, there is an imbalance between prostatecell growth and apoptosis because of intrinsic and extrinsic factors having a direct or indirectimpact on prostate tissue growth and differentiation (St. Sauver, Jacobson, McGree, Girman,Lieber, &Jacobsen, 2008).
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common conditions affecting the elderlymales, as the elderly constitute the major proportion of the population. This results in a majorimpact on the medical practice nowadays. The enlargement of the prostate can produce voidingsymptoms, which can lead to pathological changes in urinary bladder and the kidney (Nickel,2008).Worldwide,diseasesofProstateglandareresponsibleforsignificantmorbidity andmortality among adult males. It is estimated that number of males in the U.S who will experienceprostatitisduringtheirlifetimes rangeup to 50%.
1.2 Aim of the study
The aim of the study is to determine the pre-treatment prevalence and associated factors of anxiety and depression in men with cancer of the prostate.
1.3 Scope of the study
This is a prospective, cross-sectional study.The urology unit of Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti. Ekiti State, Nigeria. The study period was from 2010 2020.
1.4 ResearchQuestions
i. Whatistheassociationbetweenagesofrespondentsandoccurrenceofprostatedisease?
ii. Whatis the frequencyrateof the selected prostatedisease within thestudyperiods?
iii. Whatarethehistomorphologicalfeaturesoftheselectedprostatedisease
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
The prostate gland (the prostate) is an organ of the male reproductive system. It is about the sizeof a walnut and is found at the base of the bladder. The thin tube that allows urine and semen topass out of the penis (the urethra) runs through the prostate gland. Alkaline fluid produced by theprostate gland helps to nourish sperm and leaves the urethra as semen. The prostate undergoestwo main growth spurts. The first is fuelled by the sex hormones made by the testes duringpuberty which prompts the prostate to reach an average weight of 20 grams. The second growthspurtbeginswhenmenareintheirthirties(Lei,Yi,Zhiqiang,Xian,Qianwei,Ran,Wei,Ninghong,&Wei, 2020).
Around 25 per cent of men aged 55years and over have a prostate condition. This increases to50 per cent by the age of 70 years. Early stages of prostate disease may have no symptoms. Thethree most common forms of prostate disease are non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate(benignprostatichyperplasia), inflammation(prostatitis), and prostatecancer.
2.1 Non-CancerousEnlargementoftheProstate(BenignProstaticHyperplasia,BPH)
Benign means “not cancer” and hyperplasia means “abnormal cell growth”. The result is that theprostate becomes enlarged. BPH is not linked to cancer and does not increase the risk of gettingprostate cancer; however, the symptoms for BPH and prostate cancer can be similar (Andersson,Groat, McVary, Lue, Maggi, &Roehrborn, 2011). Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) alsoknown as Nodular Hyperplasia is a common condition in older men. It is not life threatening, butcan significantly affect the quality of human lives. The enlargement of the prostate gland (whichsurroundsthe topof the urethra) causes the urethra tonarrow, and putspressure on the base ofthe bladder. This can lead to obstruction in the flow of urine.Histologically, it is characterizedby the presence of discretenodulesinthe periurethralzone of the prostategland. Clinicalmanifestations of BPH are caused by extrinsic compression of the prostatic urethra leading toimpairedvoiding(Taoka,&Kakehi, 2017).
