ABSTRACT
Waste management in Enugu state has become ineffective in recent time. People often dump their waste indiscriminately everywhere, thereby exposing the inhabitants of the area to dangerous diseases due to the mess caused by the waste. It is because of the above mentioned problem that this research project is carried out. The purpose of this research project, the Prospects and Challenges of Enugu State Waste Management Authority (ESWAMA), are: to identify the challenges encountered by ESWAMA in managing waste, to evaluate the waste disposal systems of ESWAMA, and identify the effects of waste disposal management on the environment and on the people’s health. The data used in this study were obtained from both primary and secondary sources. The population of the study was 209. Out of this number, a sample size of 137 was obtained, using Taro Yamane formula. The research instruments usedwere questionnaire and interview guide. Descriptive research design was used in this study. Chi-square statistical method was used to test the hypotheses. The findings from the study reveal that: poor management and inadequate waste disposal facilities are the challenges facing ESWAMA in managing wastes in Enugu; hog feeding, open dumping, incineration, resources recovering, composition and pyrolysis are the waste disposal systemof ESWAMA that helps it in managing waste effectively; the identified positive effect of waste management in Enugu state had brought about clean environment and better health condition of the people in Enugu state. Based on the findings, the researcherconcluded that although the use of waste disposal systemsby ESWAMA had contributed to improvement in waste management in the state, and this has consequently brought about clean environment and better health condition of the people, poor management and insufficient waste disposal facilities still remain the major challenges confronting ESWAMA negatively.The researcherrecommended that: government should increase fund allocation to ESWAMA, competent persons should be given managerial functions to perform and corrupt people should be removed from the office. Strong internal control should be put in place and monthly sanitation exercise should be kept, order to sustain the clean environment and better health condition of the people.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Approval page ii
Declaration iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Abstract vi
Table of Contents vii
List of Tables ix
CHAPTER ONE:
- Introduction 1
- Background of the Study 1
- Statement of the problem 5
- Objectives of the study 5
1.4 Research questions 5
- Research hypotheses 6
- Scope of the study 7
- Limitations of the study 7
- Significance of the study 7
- Definition of operational terms 8
References 9
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 The concept of Waste 10
2.2Urban waste management and sustainable development in Nigeria 11
2.3 Categories of waste 11
2.4 Waste management disposal systems 13
2.5 The major challenges confronting waste management 15
2.6 The prospects from Enugu State Waste Management Authority 17
2.7 Types and components of industrial wastes 18
2.8 Liquid effluent waste management on the environment 18
2.9 Impact of solid wastes on the environment 19
2.10 Sewage management and the diseases caused by inadequate
Sewage disposal 21
2.11 Theoretical framework 23
2.12 Empirical review 28
2.13 Summery of review of related literature 29
References 31
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Area of the study 33
3.2 Sources of data 33
3.3 Population and sample size determination 33
3.4 Description of research instruments used 34
3.5 Methods of data analysis 34
3.6 Validity of the research instruments used 35
3.7 Reliability of the research instruments used 35
References 36
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION
4.1 Analysis of questionnaire distributed and returned 38
4.2 Testing of hypotheses 47
CHAPTER FIVE: FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Findings 50
5.2 Conclusion 50
5.3 Recommendations 50
Bibliography 52
Appendix
55
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
Table 2.2: Volumes of industrial solid waste in Enugu metropolis 19
Table 2.3: Effects of industrial solid waste on the environment 20
Table 2.4: Summery tables on industries, types of wastes and contents & effects 21
Table 2.5 Classes of waste 25
Table 4.1 Questionnaire distributed, returned, and not returned 38
Table 4.2 Sex distribution of the respondents 39
Table 4.3 Educational qualification of the respondents 39
Table 4.4 Work experience of the respondents 40
Table 4.5. Responses on the extent to which the identified challenges of ESWAMA influence waste management in Enugu state 40
Table 4.6 Responses to the question on how waste disposal systems influence waste management in Enugu state 41
Table 4.7 Responses to the question on the extent to which the identified effects of waste management in Enugu state influence the environment and the peoples’ health 42
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Waste generation and disposal, according to Flaomo (1995), are part of the functions of any developing economy. Waste, both from domestic and commercial sources has grown significantly in the society in the past decade. Each time an individual shops at the store and open market, he contributes to the mountain of waste. Production of waste amounts to millions of tons. The management of waste in Nigeria in general and in Enugu state in particular has become a fundamental issue that needs to be addressed in order to achieve desired success. The problem of waste management is the deficient of proper and adequate policies, plain legislation, and an environmentally stimulated and enlightened public. Government policies on the environment are peace-meal where they exist, and poorly implemented. Public enlightenment programmes lacked the needed courage, intensity and continuity to correct a pathetic attitude towards the environment. The Federal Ministry of Housing and Environment FMHE (1983), observed that the activities of the environmental authorities have been hampered by poor funding, inadequate facilities and human resources, inappropriate technology. Successful waste management in Nigeria requires a holistic programme that will integrate all the technical, economical, socio-cultural and psychological factors that are often ignored in waste management exercise.
However, there is the need for everybody to join hands inmanagement of solid and liquid waste in Enugu state through ensuring a clean and sustainable environment for the good health and well-being of the people of the state.
Flaomo (1995), further noted that “there is a clear need for current approach of waste disposal that is focused on municipalities and uses high energy/ technology to move towards waste processing and waste recycling. (This involves public – private sectors partnership, aiming for eventual waste minimization and prevention of the harmful effect of waste on man and the environment). The system of waste salvaging, reclamation andrecyclingis fast gaining ground.
Environmental sanitation,according to Mccabe (1961),is perhaps the most obvious element in environmental management but is certainly not the most important. Its significance lies in its effectiveness in raising and maintaining environment, healthy and hygienic for the needs and standards of the present. Waste generation and its management has become a major issue in urban areas in Nigeria such as in Enugu city because of increasing gap between the prolific level of generation and the limited technology and capacity of evacuation. Mark, in (Satellite Newspaper of September 5, 1991:5), states that “a clean environment is considered important by many Nigerians and this is the pillar for government primary programmes on the need to achieve health for all by the year 2000, together with the world health. There are still lapses here and there. The objective gave rise to the need for environmental sanitation and its importance to human existence as illness is no respecter of persons.
The management of waste is a matter of national and international concern. The urban areas experience continuous growth which contributes to enormous generation of solid and liquid waste. There is no doubt that a dirty environment affects the standard of living, aesthetic sensibilities, heath of the people and thus the quality of their lives.The need for a healthy environment is common to all people; it cuts across boundaries of occupation, class and politics. Apparently some of these environmental problems could be solved by providing a standard refuse disposal and drainage.
Managing waste involves collection, keeping, treating and disposing of waste in such a way that can make them not to be harmful to human beings and animals as well as the ecology and environment (Adeniji, 1989). Waste management has become an issue of great concern in Nigeria today. It looks as if the nation is losing the battle against the harmful consequences of unguided waste and the attainment of clean and healthy environment.
It is common sight in Nigeria and in Enugu state in particular, to see heaps of festering waste dumps in various parts of the city. Efforts have been made by past and present administrations in the state to achieve sustainable waste management in the state. These efforts led to the establishment of the waste management agency known as Enugu State Waste Management Authority (ESWAMA) in 2004. The agency was set up to replace the defunct Enugu State Environmental Protection Agency (ENSEPA), which failed to meet the challenges of modern day waste management.This repositioning is meant to enable it give better service delivery and to restore the past glory of Enugu State as a very clean city through better waste management.
ESWAMA is empowered to develop and implement policies on the management of solid and liquid wastes, which would promote the health and well- being of the people. The responsibilities assigned to ESWAMA at inception included: evacuation and prevention of refuse build-up, clearance of public markets of wastes, and ensuring the cleanliness of major highways and streets. Others are: provision of counseling to private refuse operators on waste management, establishment of performance standards on waste management activities and identification of sites for development of waste management (The Connect Africa Magazine, 22 October 2013). The residents of the city are required to pay approved sanitation rate through approved banks in the city, whenever they receive demand notices. Last Saturday of every month is designated by government as a sanitation day in the state.
HISTORICAL ORIGIN OF WASTE MANAGEMENT
Historically, the problems of waste management were made prominent during the industrial Revolution in Great Britain in 1845. Various legislations concerning the management of waste and basic sanitation were enacted in England in other to promote healthy environment and enhance Man’s standard of living.
The waste management effort of Nigerian government dates back to the colonial era, with the formation of Lagos Executive Development Board of 1928, the creation of sanitation of Boards and task forces, the creation of Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) and the creation of National Orientation Agency (NOA), with a view to ensure better standard of living of Nigerians. Over the past twenty years, Nigeria has witnessed rapid economic growth. As we all know, “growth does not appear everywhere at the same time; it manifests itself in points or poles of growth; with variable terminal effects for the economy as a whole”. Perrout,(1950). Certain regions of the nation therefor became better favored than others so that as a consequence, there was tremendous urban growth with a shift in development from rural to urban areas. This growth in population has given rise to the rising mountains of garbage which now characterize most of our towns and cities. Refuse collection and disposal have become the most glaring problem in our urban area which had defied solutions by both military and the civilian administrators since Nigeria’s independence. In fact, this problem with its impacts on human life and property value in Nigeria has become increasingly worse and, to the critical observer, not much would seem to have been achieved in spite of huge investment of financial resources. Again the volume of waste generated by the populace in any city, town or village is directly related to the population density Falomo, (1995). Lagos is a case in point where two-thirds of her gutters have become “open sesame for dumping grounds, and defecation places. Many gutters in Mushin, Ajegunele, Idi Araba to mention only notorious cases, are not cleared for years Osuji, (1994).
The mental attitude of our Urban dwellers also constitutes a major constraints to the effective implementation of existing waste management polices of government. Falomo (1995) identified two broad categories of Nigeria Urban populace on the basis of their mental attitude viz. the unconcerned elites who have an “out of sight, out of mind’ attitudes piles of waste which they drive pass on the streets en-route their offices and the ignorant poor who have an attitude of helpless resignation to living with the filth. At the end, nobody does anything with regard to motivating the waste disposal authorities into action and the problem therefore lingers on. Part of the problem of or challenges of waste management in Nigeria Urban areas are due to poor attitude exhibited by staff of the refuse disposal authorities. Many people have often complained of having been compelled by law to remove waste from drains, gutters and others from their general surroundings; only to find the pile still constituting an eyesore two weeks later, or until the next rain storm washes the pile rubbish back into the open drains. As a result, they have chosen to be doing compulsory sanitation exercise conducted once a month. This negligence on the part of the government authorities is seen in the case of Lagos where in 1 980s, three fancy giant incinerators were built and nobody seemed to know how to use them. The site of these incinerators at Isolo and Oshodi-Oworonsoki has become traditional dump sites and no attempt is made for further treatment of the wastes Osuji, (1994).
A disturbing matter about waste management problem is that its effectiveness is mostly impacted on the poor urban dwellers. While the affluent urban dwellers for instance are capable of insulating themselves from the hazards of the environment by creating their own sanitized and comfortable Micro-environment, which include but not limited to, fully air conditioned home, clean, filtered and uninterrupted suppliers of drinking water, regular collection of refused from their immediate surroundings, the poor masses are allowed to live and die in an environment that by and large is the cause of their early death.
Solid wastes have been a result of Man’s activities from his earliest civilization, made more prominent during the industrial revolution, intensified by technological developments of the twentieth century and given political and economic exposure by the passage of the Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965. Solid wastes were given national attention with the passage of the solid waste disposal Act by the 89th congress as Public Law. The term “Solid waste” means refuse and other discarded solid materials, including solid waste material, resulting from industrial, commercial, and agricultural operations and from community activities, but does not include solids or dissolved materials in domestic savage or other significant pollutants in waste resources, such as silt, dissolved or suspended solids in industrial waste water effluent, dissolved materials, in irrigation return flows or other common water pollutants.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
