ABSTRACT
This study was aimed to compare the effect of ethanolic leaf extract of harungana madagascariensis and Vitamin B12 on lipid Peroxidation in Phenylhydrazine induced anemic Male wistar rats. Twenty-eight (28) adult male wistar rats weighing 150g-250g, were randomly divided into 4 groups with seven (7) rats each. group (1) (normal control) were fed with normal rat chow and distilled water, group (2) serve as the negative control (anaemic control), group (III) (PHZ + extract group), group (IV) (PHZ + Vitamin B12group). Phenylhydrazine (PHZ) was administered intraperitoneally at 40mg/kg body weight at 48hours interval for 2 consecutive times to (group II, III and IV) for induction of anaemia. The anaemic + extract (group III) received harungana madagascariensis extract at 300mg/kg/per day orally using a gastric gavage for 28 days. The anaemic + Vitamin B12(group IV) were administered with vitamin B12at 200mg/kg/ day for 28 days. At the end of 28days, Blood samples were obtained from the rats via cardiac puncture and kept in plain sample bottle for analysis. Result obtained in this study indicated a significant (p< 0.05) reduction in body weight of the animals following PHZ administration indicated in the PHZ group, after 28days of treatment the reduction were reversed in PHZ+E and PHZ+VB12respectively, furthermore, there was an increase in MDA (malondialdehyde) concentration in the treated groups compared to the NC (normal control group) which was reduced non significantly (p<0.05) in the treated groups. In conclusion, from this study oral administration of ethanolic leaf extract of harungana madagascariensis and Vitamin B12 possess effective antioxidant properties without any significant difference and both of them are capable of preventing oxidative stress.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE – – – – – – – i
CERTIFICATION – – – – – – – ii
DEDICATION – – – – – – – iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS – – – – – – iv
ABSTRACT – – – – – – – – vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS – – – – – – vii
LIST OF TABLES – – – – – – – xi
LIST OF FIGURES – – – – – – – xii
LIST OF PLATES – – – – – – – xiii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study – – – – – 1
1.2 Aim and Objective of the Study – – – – 6
1.3 Justification of Study – – – – – 6
1.4 Scope and limitation of the study – – – – 7
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Picture of Haurungan madagascriensis – – – 8
2.2 History of harungana madagascariensis – – – 9
2.3 Classification of harungana madagascariensis – – 10
2.4 Morphology of harungana madagascariensis – – 10
2.5 Distribution of harungana madagascariensis – – 11
2.5.1 Flowers – – – – – – – 11
2.5.2 Leaves – – – – – – – 11
2.5.3 Fruits – – – – – – – – 12
2.5.4 Stems – – – – – – – – 12
2.5.5 Reproduction – – – – – – – 12
2.6 Uses of harungana madagascariensis – – – – 12
2.6.1 Edible uses – – – – – – – 12
2.6.2 Agro-forestry uses – – – – – – 13
2.6.3 Medicinal use of H. madagascariensis – – – 13
2.7 Phytochemistry of H. madagascariensis – – – 14
2.8 Feature of H. madagascariensis – – – – 15
2.9 Effect of phytochemical in H. madagascariensis – – 16
2.10 Over view of Vitamin B12 – – – – – 17
2.10.1 Symptoms of vitamin b12 deficiency – – – 19
2.11 Overview of phenylhydrazine 20
2.11.1 Mechanism of phenylhydrazine induced toxicity 21
2.11.2 Effect of phenylhydrazine on immune system 21
2.12 Overview of anemia 22
2.12.1 Classification of anemia 23
2.13 Lipid peroxidation 25
2.13.1 Initiation Phase 26
2.13.2 Propagation Phase 26
2.13.3 Termination Phase 27
2.14 Enzymatic antioxidants 27
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHOD
3.1 Materials – – – – – – – 29
3.1.1 Reagents (Drugs and Chemical) Used – – – 29
3.1.2 Collection of plant material – – – – – 30
3.1.3 Preparation of ethanol plant extract – – – – 30
3.2 Experimental Animals – – – – – 31
3.3 Dissolution of phenylhydrazine – – – – 31
3.4 Grouping of animals and Induction of anemia – – 31
3.5 Anemic Activity and Determination of Hemoglobin (Hb) Concentration 32
3.6 Treatment of anemia using plant extract and vitamin B12 – 33
3.7 Termination of experiment – – – – – 35
3.8 Spectrophotochemetric Determination of MDA – – 35
3.9 Statistical Analysis – – – – – – 36
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS
4.1 Interpretation of legends – – – – – 37
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECORMENDATION
5.1 Discussion – – – – – – – 40
5.2 Conclusion – – – – – – – 41
5.3 Recommendation – – – – – – 41
REFERENCES – – – – – – 43
