TABLE OF CONTENT
CONTENTS PAGE
Title Page – – – – – – – – i
Certification – – – – – – – ii
Dedication – – – – – – – – iii
Acknowledgements – – – – – – iv
Abstract – – – – – – – v
Table of Contents – – – – – – – vi
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION – – – – – 1
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 HUMAN SKIN COLOUR – – – – 4
2.2 Biology of pigments cell – – – – – 5
2.3 Biochemical and Hormonal Control of Pigmentation 6
2.4 Function of melanin – – – – – 9
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 MEASUREMENT OF SKIN PIGMENTATION- 12
3.2 Disorders of pigmentation – – – – 15
3.2.1 Hypomelanosis – – – – – – 15
3.2.1.1 Piebaldism – – – – – – – 16
3.2.1.2 Waardenburg (WB) syndrome – – – 17
3.2.1.3 Oculocutaneous Albinism – – – – 18
3.2.1.4 Ocular Albinism – – – – – – 20
3.2.1.5 Hermay – pudlaksyndrome – – – – 21
3.2.1.6 Tuberous sclerosis – – – – – 23
3.2.2 Hypermelanosis – – – – – – 24
3.2.2.1 Café aulait macules – – – – – 24
3.2.2.2 Neurofibromatosis – – – – – 25
3.2.2.3 McCune – Albright syndrome – – – 26
3.2.2.4 Melasma – – – – – – – 27
3.2.2.5 Lentigens – – – – – – – 28
3.2.2.6 Freckles – – – – – – – 29
3.2.2.7 Leukomdanoderma – – – – – 30
3.2.2.8 Melanoma – – – – – – 30
3.3 Treatment option for pigmentation disorders – – 31
3.3.1 Wood Light Investigation – – – – 32
3.3.2 Phototheraphy – – – – – – 32
3.3.3 Intense Pulased Light – – – – – 33
3.3.4 Fraxel Laser – – – – – – – 33
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND REFERENCES 35
4.1 Summary – – – – – – – 35
4.2 Conclusion – – – – – – – 36
References
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION Pigmentation in all mammals including humans primarily is determined by the distribution of melanin in body, which shows remarkable diversity in human population globally and is the most variable phenotype in human (Deng and Xu, 2017). Pheomelanin is the typical biological form of melanin, a yellow–red pigment, whereas eumelanin is abrown-black pigment.
