TABLE OF CONTENT
CONTENTS PAGE
Title Page – – – – – – – – i
Certification – – – – – – – ii
Dedication – – – – – – – – iii
Acknowledgements – – – – – – iv
Table of Contents – – – – – – – v
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION – – – 1
CHAPTER TWO: HISTORY OF CORONAVIRUS – 9
- Discovery of Corona virus – – – – 9
- Classification of COVID – 19 – – – – 12
- Transmission of COVID – 19 – – – – 14
- Replication Cycle – – – – – – 15
- Prevention of COVID – 19 – – – – 17
CHAPTER THREE: HEMATOLOGICAL CHANGES IN
COVID – 19 PATIENTS – – – – – 19
- Red blood Cells and Haemoglobin abnormalities
in COVID – 19 patients – – – – – 19
- White Blood Cells abnormalities in COVID – 19 patients 20
- Coagulation abnormalities in COVID – 19 patients – 22
- ABO blood Group in COVID – 19 patients – – 24
- Blood Transfusion for COVID – 19 patients – – 24
- Management of Hematological abnormalities in
COVID – 19 patients – – – – – 25
- Possible hematological effects of therapies used for
COVID – 19 patients – – – – – 27
CHAPTER FOUR: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION – 28
- Summary – – – – – – – 28
- Conclusion – – – – – – – 30
References
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Coronaviruses are a group of related RNA viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans and birds, they cause respiratory tract infections that can range from mild to lethal. Mild illnesses in humans include some cases of the common cold (which is also caused by other viruses, predominantly rhinoviruses), while more lethal varieties can cause SARS, MERS and COVID-19. In cows and pigs they cause diarrhea, while in mice they cause hepatitis and encephalomyelitis (Fan et al., 2019).
Coronaviruses constitute the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae, in the family Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales and realm Riboviria. They are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome and a nucleocapsid of helical symmetry (Cherry et al., 2017). The genome size of corona viruses ranges from approximately 26 to 32 kilo bases, one of the largest among RNA viruses (Huang et al., 2010). They have characteristic club-shaped spikes that project from their surface, which in electron micrographs create an image reminiscent of the solar corona, from which their name derives (Almeida et al., 2009).
Coronaviruses (COVs) are a large viruses group belonging to the coronaviridae family (Hui, 2005), presenting a single – stranded RNA Sgenome. The genome is surrounded by a helical capsid and a lipoprotein envelope containing several spicule of glycoprotein that together give the virus a crown appearance. Hence comes the word “corona” which, in Latin, means crown (Hui, 2005). When infecting humans, CoVs can cause diseases of varying severity, from upper respiratory tract infections similar to a common cold, to liver, enteric, neurological diseases and lower tract infections such as pneumonia, bronchitis and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) (Cheng et al., 2007). SARS can be caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), by the coronavirus of the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV), and recently by the coronavirus of severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (Chan et al., 2015).
On December 31, 2019, the Wuhan Municipal Health Commission, Hubei Province, China, reported the existence of 27 cases of patients with pneumonia of unknown etiology, epidemiologically related to a local wholesale market for wildlife and seafood (Fan et al., 2020). After laboratory investigations, on January 7, 2020, the causative agent of these infections was identified, considered a new Coronavirus in 2019 and officially designated by the World Health Organization (WHO) as 2019-nCoV. Subsequently, the International Virus Taxonomy Committee renamed 2019-nCoV as SARS-CoV-2 (Fan et al., 2020). SARS-CoV-2 was quickly transmitted among humans, spreading to different countries around the world, threatening human life and generating many financial losses. On January 30, 2020, WHO issued a worldwide public health alert regarding the emergence of a new epidemic viral disease (Bouadma et al., 2020).
