PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF UNDERGROUND WATER IN ALAAGO-ALAPOTI AREAS OGUN STATE, SOUTH WESTERN NIGERIA

	TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title		i
Certification		ii
Dedication		iii
Acknowledgement		iv
Abstract		v
Table of Contents		vi
List of Tables		vii
List of Figures		vii

CHAPTER ONE

1. General Statement                                                                                        1
   1. Aims and objectives of the study aera                                                         2
   1. Location and Accessibility                                                                           2
   1. Drainage                                                                                                       4
   1. Climate                                                                                                         5
   1. Vegetation and Topography                                                                         6
   1. Literature review                                                                                          6

CHAPTER TWO

• Regional Geology                                                                                             7
  • Geological setting                                                                                               7
  • Stratigraphy of Eastern Dahomey Basin                                                           8
    • Ise Formation                                                                                             9
    • Afowo Formation                                                                                      10
    • Araromi Formation                                                                                    10
    • Ewekoro Formation                                                                                   10
    • Akinbo Formation                                                                                     11
    • Oshosun Formation                                                                                   11
    • IIaro Formation                                                                                         12
    • Coastal Plain Sand                                                                                     12
    • Alluvial Sand                                                                                             13

CHAPTER THREE

• Materials and Methods                                                                                         14
  • Cleaning of Equipments used                                                                               14
  • Sample Collection and Perservation                                                                     14
  • Sample Analysis                                                                                                   14
  • Determination of Electrical Conductivity in water                                              14
  • Determination of  pH in water                                                                              15
  • Determination of TDS (Total dissolve solid) in water.                                        15
  • Determination of total Hardness in water                                                             15
  • Determination of Chloride water                                                                          15
  • Determination of Calcium hardness in water                                                       16
  • Determination of Magnesium Hardness in water                                               16
  • Determination of Phenolphlthalein Alkalinity in water                                     16
  • Determination of free CO₂ (Bi-carbonate) in water.                                          17
  • Determination of Sodium in water samples.                                                      17
  • Calculation for Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR)                                              17

3.16 Calculation for Residual Sodium Bi-carbonate                                                  17

3.15 Calculation for Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP)                                            18

• Calculation for Permeability Index (PI)                                                             18
  • Calculation for Magnesium Absorption Ratio (MAR)                                       19
  • Calculation for Kelly’s Ratio (KR)                                                                    19

CHAPTER FOUR

• Result and Discussion                                                                                        29
  • Result                                                                                                                  29
  • Discussion                                                                                                          29
  • Physical Asessment                                                                                            29
  • Chemical Assessment                                                                                         34

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Conclusion	36
5.1 Recommendation	37
5.2 Reference	38 – 41

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Location and Accessibility of Alaago-Alapoti area of Ogun State                        3

Figure 2. Drainage of Alaago-Alapoti area of Ogun State                                                     4

Figure 3. Stratigraphy Map of Eastern Dahomey Basin                                                         8

Figure 4. Comparison of calcium and sodium in Alaago-Alapoti area with SON and WHO standard                                                                                                                        31

Figure 5.Bar chart showing the comparison between the concentration of Magnesium, Potassium and Iron in Alaago-Alapoti with SON AND WHO standard.                              32

Figure 6. Bar chart of Chloride and Bicarbonate in Alaago-Alapoti water compared with that of SON and WHO standard.                                                                                   33

LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1. Physical parameters of H₂0 of the study                                                               20

Table 4.2: Chemical parameters (cationic and anionic) of the H₂0                                       20

Table 4.3: Comparison of Physico-chemical parameters of Alaagowith WHO and SON standard                                                                                                                                  21

Table 4.4: Parameters from water samples in Alaago area with regard to irrigation water    22

Table 4.7: Physical parameters of H₂0 of the study Alapoti area                                           24

Table 4.8: Chemical parameters (cationic and anionic) of the H₂0 Alapoti area                   25

Table 4.9: Comparison of Physico-chemical parameters of Alaago with WHO and SON standardAlapoti area                                                                                                      26

Table 4.11: Parameters from water samples in Alaago area with regard to irrigation water Alapoti area                                                                                                                                 27-28

CHAPTER ONE

1. General Statement

Water is the most abundant substance on earth, the principal constituent of all living things and a major force constantly shaping the surface of the earth. It is also a key factor in air- conditioning of the earth for human existence. Water in lesser quantities is present everywhere, in the soil, sub-soil and bedrock; such water is known as Groundwater.

Water quality depends on the local geology as well as human activities such as sewage disposal, industrial waste product and so on. These contaminants have been found to pose health rick all over the world.

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PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF UNDERGROUND WATER IN ALAAGO-ALAPOTI AREAS OGUN STATE, SOUTH WESTERN NIGERIA