ABSTRACT
Street hawking is one of the commonest forms of child labour in Nigeria. The hawking of wares by children has been a serious issue confronting the Nigerian society. Children hawk in some of the most horrible conditions conceivable, where they face a serious risk of injury, chronic illness, kidnapping, rape or death. Objective: This study aimed at determining street Hawking and health implications of children in Calabar metropolis, cross River State, Nigeria. Population of this study consists of children between the age of 5-19 years of the street hawkers in Calabar metropolis. Survey design was used through the cluster and simple random sampling technique to choose the sample size of two hundred and fifty (250) respondents. The instrument of data collection was a validated designed, interviewer administered semistructured questionnaire. The hypotheses were tested using Chi-Square at a predetermined 0.05 level of significance. The quantitative data were analysed with the aid of Chi-square. Results: The results indicated among others that street hawking had significant health implications and physical consequences on children’s health status as well as moral behaviour in the study area. In view of the numerous negative effects of hawking on health of children, government should implement and enforce the legislation addressing Child Street hawking in Nigeria and also set up poverty alleviation programmes headed by the social workers. In addition to that, the study therefore, concluded that the government of Cross River State in conjunction with the social workers should carry out an enlightenment campaign through the media and religious institutions on the negative consequences of street hawking. Also, the child right act instrument and its implementation should be strengthened in order to curb street hawking in the study area.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE – – – – – – – i
CERTIFICATION – – – – – – ii
DEDICATION – – – – – – – iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS – – – – – iv
ABSTRACT – – – – – – – vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS – – – – – – vii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background to the study – – – – – 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem – – – – – 8
1.3 Objectives of the Study – – – – – 13
1.4 Research Questions – – – – – – 13
- Statements of Hypotheses – – – – – 14
1.6 Scope of the Study – – – – – – 14
1.7 Significant of the study – – – – – 15
1.8 Definition of terms – – – – – – 16
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 Literature Review – – – – – – 17
2.1.1 The Concept of Street Hawking – – – – 17
2.1.2 Causes of Street Hawking – – – – 20
2.1.3 Implications of Street Hawking – – – – 31
2.1.4 The Effect of street hawking on the social, physical,
psychological wellbeing of children – – – 36
2.1.5 Measures implemented to curb children street hawking 39
2.2 Theoretical Framework – – – – – 44
2.2.1 Functionalist Theory – – – – – 44
2.2.2 Conflict theory – – – – – – 46
2.2.3 Work stress theory – – – – – – 48
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design – – – – – – 50
3.2 Area of Study – – – – – – – 51
3.3 Population of the Study – – – – – 53
3.4 Sample and Sampling Technique – – – – 53
3.5 Sources of Data Collection – – – – 54
3.6 Research Instrument – – – – – 55
3.6.1 Validity of the Instrument – – – – 55
3.6.2 Reliability of Research Instrument – – – 56
3.7Administration of Research Instrument – – 56
3.8Method of Data Analysis – – – – – 56
3.9 Problems Encountered – – – – – 58
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
4.1 Data analysis – – – – – – – 60
4.2 Hypothesis testing – – – – – – 64
4.3 Discussion of findings- – – – – – 72
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary – – – – – – – 75
5.2 Conclusion – – – – – – – 76
5.3 Recommendations – – – – – – 77
REFERENCES
