Table of Contents
Title page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of contents
List of figures
List of tables
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
- Background of study
- Types of road failures
- Causes of road failures
- Effects of road failures
- Aim of study
- Objectives of study
- Statement of problem
- Significance of the study
- Location and Geology of study area
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Previous studies on road failures
2.2 Geophysical methods
2.2.1 Seismic Refraction method
2.2.1 Seismic Shear methods (S-Waves)
2.2.3 Seismic Compressional methods (P-Waves)
2.2.4 Two horizontal layers over a half space
2.2.5 Three – layer horizontal earth surface
2.3 Determination of Shear wave velocity
2.3.1 The Impulsive shear method
2.3.2 The Sustained source method
2.4 Determination of some Elastic parameters
2.4.1 Shear Modulus
2.4.2Young’s Modulus
2.4.3 Bulk Modulus
2.4.4 Poisson’s Ratio
2.5Applications of Seismic refraction Method
2.6 Advantages of Seismic refraction Method
2.7 Limitations of Seismic refraction method
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHOD
3.1 Materials
3.2 Field methods
3.2.1 Data collection / acquisition procedure
3.2.2 Data presentation
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULT AND DATA ANALYSIS
4.1 Data analysis
4.2 Interpretation of result
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendation
5.4 References
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
- Background of study
   Road failure is defined as a discontinuity in road network resulting in cracks, potholes, bulges, and depressions. Road failure can also be defined as a condition that occurs when an asphalt surface no longer holds its original shape as a result of material stress. According to Agbedion (2007), these potholes, bulges, depressions, may hinder smooth ride. Hence, this hindrance or punctuations in smooth ride is generally referred to as road failure.
From the beginning of civilization, road pavement has functioned to prevent the ground from being deformed by traffic passing over it. Besides, one of the greatest achievement of the ancient Roman engineers was the ability to devise a system of layers that greatly stabilized the road surface to reduce the pressure of wheels across the entire surface thereby making it resistant to rutting and pothole formation.
    Road failure in Nigeria is a major problem which has caused setbacks to the economy, loss of lives and properties worth millions of naira annually (Obi, 2010). Vehicles spend longer hours before getting to their destinations due to poor road hence, the socio-economic activities of the people are greatly affected (Igomu, 2011).
