ANTI-MICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF ETHANOL EXTRACTS OF Gongronema latfolium, Andrographis paniculata, Vernonia amygdalina ON Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus AND Pseudomonas spp

ABSTRACT

The antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of Gongronema latifolium, Andrographis paniculata and Vernonia amygdalina on Staphylococcus sp.. Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas sp was investigated using standard analytical and microbiological methods. The extract was tested against the micro organism ‘at 100%,80%. 60%. 40% and 20% concentrations. The bacterial isolates were uniformly seeded on the agar plate using sterile inoculums besides the Bunsen burner to avoid concentration . The total bacterial count used in this study was 2.7 x 105 cfu/g. The results for the zone of inhibition by ethanolic extract of Gongronema coli staphylococcus sp and pseudomonas sp with 25mm, 21.5mm ans 20mm respectively. At   80% . concentration, the extract was sensitive to Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus sp. with 20 mm and 19 mm respectively but was intermediate at 60%. 40% and 20% concentrations. However the extract was also intermediate  to staphylococcus sp and Escherichia coli at all concentrations. The plot of inhibition zones against concentrations in all the extracts showed that the zones of inhibition increases with increased concentration of the extract against all the tested isolates. The variation in the antimicrobial activity of the extract cloud be attributed to the differences in the phytochemical components of these plants as revealed in the phytochemical analysis. Therefore, the study recommends that the Gongronema lalifoliiim should be used as a substitute for the treatment of bacterial infections since it has the highest antimicrobial effects against the tested organisms.

TABLE OF CONTENT

CONTENTS                                                                         PAGE

Title Page    –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        i

Certification         –        –        –        –        –        –        –        ii

Dedication –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        iii

Acknowledgements        –        –        –        –        –        –        iv

Abstract      –                  –        –        –        –        –        –        v

Table of Contents –        –        –        –        –        –        –        vi

CHAPTER ONE

1.            INTRODUCTION       –        –        –        –        –        1
   1. Background of the Study        –        –        –        –        –        1
   1. Aim and Objectives of the Study      –        –        –        5
      1. Aim   –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        5
      1. Objective    –        –        –        –        –        –        –        6
   1. Scope and  Limitation of the Study  –        –        –        7
   1. Definition of Terms       –        –        –        –        –        7
   1. Significance of the Study         –        –        –        –        –        8

CHAPTER TWO

•           LITERATURE REVIEW     –        –        –        –        9
  •      Botanical Classification of Plants     –        –        –        9
    • Botanical Classification of Vernonia Amygdalina          –        9
    • Botanical Classifciation of Gongronema latifolium       –        10
    • Botanical Classification of Andrographis paniculata     11
  • Pharmacological plant   –        –        –        –        –        12
    • Pharmacological /Antimicrobial activities of

Gongronema latifolium  –        –        –        –        –        12

• Pharmacological /Antimicrobial activities of

Andrographis paniculata         –        –        –        –        –        20

• Pharmacological /Antimicrobial activities of

Vernonia Amygdalina    –        –        –        –        –        39

• Microorganisms   –        –        –        –        –        –        44
  • Staphylococcus aureus   –        –        –        –        –        44
  • Escherichia coli    –        –        –        –        –        –        46
  • Pseudomonas sp.  –        –        –        –        –        –        47
  • Extraction solvents and their effects –        –        –        49
    • Ethanol       –        –        –        –        –        –        –        49

CHAPTER THREE

• MATERIALS AND METHOD      –        –        –        51
  • Materials    –        –        –        –        –        –        –        51
    • Collection and Identification of Plant Samples    –        52
    • Preparation of the leaf samples         –        –        –        –        52
  • Methods     –        –        –        –        –        –        –        53
    • Sterilization of glasswares and media         –        –        –        53
    • Preparation of the plant sample (for extraction)  –        53
    • Preliminary Screening of plant extracts for

Phytochemicals    –        –        –        –        –        –        54

• Methods used in phytochemical Screening –        –        54
  • Test for Saponins –        –        –        –        –        –        55
  • Test for Presence of Tannis     –        –        –        –        55
  • Test for Flavonoids       –        –        –        –        –        56
  • Test for Cardiac Glycosides    –        –        –        –        56
  • Liebermans Test   –        –        –        –        –        –        57
  • Test for Alkaloids          –        –        –        –        –        –        58
  • Preparation of Sensitivity Disc         –        –        –        –        58

CHAPTER FOUR

• RESULTS AND DISCUSSION-     –        –        –        60
  •           Results        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        60
  •           Discussion  –        –        –        –        –        –        –        67

CHAPTER FIVE

• CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION           –        70
  •           Conclusion –        –        –        –        –        –        –        70
  •           Recommendation –        –        –        –        –        –        71

References

          Appendix

LIST OF TABLES

Tables                                                                                     Pages

Table 4.1:   Total Bacterial Count of the sample –        –          62

Table 4.2:   The result of zone of inhibition exhibited by

ethanolic extract of Gongronema latifolium         –        63

Table 4.3:   The result of zone of inhibition exhibited by

ethanolic extract of Vernonia amygdalina  –        64

Table 4.4:   The result of zone of inhibition exhibited by

ethanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata–     65

Table 4.5:   Phytochemical Screening Test –        –        –        66

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